CNS Pathology Flashcards
pt with elevated AFP in amniotic fluid and blood, as well as polyhydramnios.
Anencephaly
embryonic precursor to PNS
neural crest
associated with Neural tube defects
low folate PRIOR to conception
caudal neural tube defect with protrusion of meninges
meningocele
caudal neural tube defect with protrusion of meninges and spinal cord
meningomyelocele
connection from 3rd to 4th ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
most common cause of hydrocephalus in newborns
cerebral aqueduct stenosis
connects 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space
foramina of magendie and luscha
connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle
foramen of monroe
congenital failure of cerebellar vermis to develop
dandy walker malformation
massively dilated 4th ventricle, absent cerebellum, sometimes with hydrocephalus
dandy walker
Congenital extention of the cerebellar tonsils into foramen magnum.
arnold-chiari malformation type 2
arnold-chiari associated with…
meningomyelocele and syringomyelia, hydrocephalus
cystic degeneration of the spinal cord. usually a result of trauma C8-T1
syringomyelia
loss of pain and temp in the upper extremeties. maintain fin touch and position sense
syringomyelia
causes of global cerebral ischemia
Low perfusion, low blood flow, chronic hypoxia, repeat hypoglycemia (insulinoma)
mild global ischemia
transient confusion and promp recovery
severe global ischemia
diffuse necrosis - survival in vegetative state
Moderate global ischemia
infarct in watershed areas, and damage to highly vulnerable regions.
lens shaped lesion on CT
rupture of middle meningeal artery - epidural bleed
crescent shaped hemorrhage on CT
subdural - tearing of bridging veins from dura to arachnoid. elderly cerebral atrophy, shaken baby
lethal complication of subdural and epidural hematoma
herniation
compression of brain stem leading to cardiopulmonary arrest
tonsillar herniation
infarction of anterior cerebral artery from
subfalcine herniation of cingulate gyrus
preceeds infarction of occipital lobe by affect on PCA
uncal herniation
leads to Duret hemorrhage - rupture of paramedian artery
uncal herniation of temporal lobe
eye is down and out with dilated pupil,
uncal herniation and compression of CNIII
associated with HLA-DR2
MS
most common cronic CNS disease of young adults
MS
MRI shows white matter plaques.
MS
Lumbar puncture shows increased lymphocytes, oligoclonal IgG bands, myelin basic protein.
MS
acute and long term tx of MS
high dose steroids, interferon beta
slow progression infection of grey and white matter - viral inclusions in the neurons and oligodendrocytes.
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis - measles
immunosuppressed pt with rapidly progressive neurological signs.
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy - JC virus of oligodendrocytes
rapid IV correction of hyponatremia that leads to pontine demyelination.
central pontine myelinolysis
pt presents with acute bilateral paralysis - “locked in” syndrome
central pontine myelinolysis
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
MS of MLF medial longitudinal fasciculus - cannot follow lateral viewing with the contralateral eye.
common consideration other than alcoholism for scanning speech
MS
metastatic tumors to the brain are generally located…
at the grey matter/ white matter junction.
commons metastatic tumors to brain
lung breast and kidney
primary tumors of the brain have 5 origins
astrocytes, meningothelial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, or neuroectoderm
supratentorial primary tumors are usually
adults
infratentorial primary tumors
children
three most common brain tumors in adults
glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, and schwannoma
3 most common primary tumors in children
pilocytic astrocytoma, ependymoma, and medulloblastoma.
most common malignant primary CNS tumor in adults
GBM
pt with pseudopallisaiding
…
