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MODULE 6 - Urinary System > PATHOLOGY - Patterns of Renal Disease > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - Patterns of Renal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three portals of entry for renal disease?

A

Haematogenous
Ascending from the lower urinary tract
Direct entry

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2
Q

What are the six patterns of renal disease?

A

Developmental
Vascular
Tubular
Tubulointerstitial
Renal pelvis/ascending
End stage kidney disease

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3
Q

What are the three renal defence mechanisms against disease?

A

Basement membranes
Mesangial cells
Host immune system

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4
Q

List six examples of developmental kidney disease

A

Renal aplasia
Renal hypoplasia
Renal dysplasia
Ectopic kidneys
Fused (horseshoe) kidneys
Polycystic kidney disease

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5
Q

In which animal is polycystic kidney disease most common?

A

Feline (cats)

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6
Q

What are the two types of vascular lesions seen in the kidneys?

A

Infarction
Haemorrhage

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7
Q

What are two common causes of renal infarction?

A

Thromboemboli
In situ thrombosis

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8
Q

What causes renal haemorrhage?

A

Renal haemorrhage can be caused by any systemic vascular injury

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9
Q

List three systemic vascular injuries which can be the cause of renal haemorrhage

A

Septicaemia
Vasculitis
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

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10
Q

List four examples of glomerular disease

A

Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephropathy
Glomerular amyloidosis
Glomerulosclerosis

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11
Q

What is the endpoint of glomerular disease?

A

Protein-losing nephropathy

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of Glomerulonephritis?

A

Immune complex deposition (autoimmune disease) resulting in damage to the glomerular basement membrane due to podocyte effacement

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13
Q

What is the gross appearance of Glomerulonephritis?

A

Glomerulonephritis typically has a normal gross appearance

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14
Q

What should be done to diagnose Immune-mediated Glomerulonephritis?

A

Renal biopsy followed by histology, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence

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15
Q

What is the histological appearance of Immune-mediated Glomerulonephritis?

A

Immune complex deposits seen as red dots along the glomerular capillaries

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16
Q

What is Glomerular amyloidosis typically associated with?

A

Glomerular amyloidosis is typically associated with chronic inflammation

17
Q

What is the gross appearance of Glomerular amyloidosis?

A

Enlarged, pale and waxy kidney(s)

18
Q

What stain should be used to diagnose Glomerular amyloidosis?

A

Congo-red stain

19
Q

What is Glomerulosclerosis?

A

Glomerulosclerosis is fibrosis (scarring) of the glomerulus

20
Q

What is Glomerulosclerosis typically associated with?

A

Glomerulosclerosis is typically associated with chronic inflammation and necrosis

21
Q

What are two common causes of acute tubular necrosis?

A

Nephrotoxins
Ischaemia

22
Q

Give an example of a nephrotoxin that can cause acute tubular necrosis

A

Ethylene glycol forming calcium oxalate crystals leading to oxalate nephrosis and acute tubular necrosis

23
Q

Give an example of a disease which can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis

A

Leptospirosis

24
Q

What stain can be used to identify Leptospirae within the tubulointerstitium?

A

Warthin-starry stain

25
Q

What are two common causes of renal pelvis lesions?

A

Hydronephrosis
Pyelonephritis

26
Q

What is Hydronephrosis?

A

Hydronephrosis is dilation of the renal pelvis caused by urine accumulation

27
Q

What is a common cause of Hydronephrosis?

A

Hydroneprhosis is often caused by an obstruction of urine outflow due to a build up of calculi

28
Q

List three examples of renal neoplasia

A

Renal carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
Nephroblastoma

29
Q

(T/F) Renal tumours are very common

A

FALSE. Renal tumours are very rare however do have malignant potential

30
Q

What is the typical appearance of a renal tumour?

A

Renal tumours are typically one solid white mass at one pole of the kidney

31
Q

What is the gross appearance of end-stage kidney failure?

A

Pale, shrunken, pitted, firm and fibrotic kidney(s)

32
Q

What is the histological appearance of end-stage kidney failure?

A

Increased connective tissue, atrophied tubules and sclerotic glomeruli

MODULE 6 - Urinary System (22 decks)

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