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MODULE 6 - Urinary System > CLINICAL SKILLS - Urinary System Clinical Terminology > Flashcards

CLINICAL SKILLS - Urinary System Clinical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What is azotaemia?

A

Azotaemia is an increase in non-protein nitrogenous waste (urea and creatinine) in the urine

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2
Q

What is uraemia?

A

Uraemia is a clinical syndrome resulting from severe loss of kidney function

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3
Q

What is anuria?

A

Anuria is the complete lack of urine production

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4
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Polyuria is the abnormally large volume of urine production

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5
Q

What is haematuria?

A

Haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine

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6
Q

What is pyuria?

A

Pyuria is the presence of pus in the urine

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7
Q

What is pigmenruria?

A

Pigementuria is the presence of pigment in the urine

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8
Q

What is proteinuria?

A

Proteinuria is the presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine

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9
Q

What is pollakuria?

A

Pollakuria is the abnormally frequent passage of small volumes of urine

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10
Q

What is dysuria?

A

Dysuria is the difficult and/or painful passage of urine

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11
Q

What is stranguria?

A

Stranguria is the slow and painful passage of urine

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12
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

Urinary incontinence is uncontrolled urination

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13
Q

What is inappropriate urination?

A

Urination in abnormal locations

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14
Q

Which three clinical signs of renal malfunction are usually present together?

A

Pollakuria, dysuria and stranguria

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15
Q

What are the common clinical signs of uraemia?

A

Gastritis
Stomatitis
Pneumonopathy

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16
Q

What are some of the common clinical signs of renal disease?

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Weight loss
Inappetence
Vomiting/nausea/diarrhoea

17
Q

What are some of the less common clinical signs of renal disease?

A

Ascites/subcutaneous oedema
Haematuria
Pain
Abdominal mass

18
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease?

A

Dysuria/stranguria/pollakuria
Haematuria
Urinary retention
Urinary incontinence

19
Q

What are six common blood tests that are run to investigate urinary disease?

A

Urea
Creatinine
PCV
Albumin
Electrolytes
Cholesterol

20
Q

What are some of the urinary tests that are done to investigate urinary disease?

A

Urine dipstick
Urine specific gravity (USG)
Urine sediment analysis
Culture

21
Q

Which of the urine dipstick test pads are not relevant to veterinary medicine?

A

Nitrates
Urobilinogen
Specific gravity
Leukocytes

22
Q

What diagnostic imaging can be done when investigating urinary disease?

A

Radiography (with or without contrast)
Ultrasound
Cystoscopy

23
Q

What are the main methods for collecting a urine sample?

A

Free flow sample
Urethral catheterisation
Cystocentesis

24
Q

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of collecting urine via free flow sampling?

A

Advantages: non-invasive
Disadvantages: time-consuming, sample contamination

25
Q

What are some of the disadvantages of collecting urine via urethral catheterisation?

A

May require sedation, adequate restraint required, challenging in females, could introduce infection, sample contamination

26
Q

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of collecting urine via cystocentesis?

A

Advantages: less likely to have sample contamination
Disadvantages: invasive

27
Q

Which urinary test measures urine concentration relative to plasma concentration?

A

Urine specific gravity (USG) measures urine concentration relative to plasma concentration

28
Q

Which instrument is used to measure urine specific gravity?

A

Refractometer

29
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of plasma?

A

1.008 - 1.012

30
Q

What is hyposthennuria?

A

A low urine specific gravity

31
Q

What is the value range for hyposthennuria?

A

Hyposthenuria: 1.000 - 1.007

32
Q

What is isosthenuria?

A

A normal urine specific gravity

33
Q

What is the value range for isosthenuria?

A

Isosthenuria: 1.008 - 1.012

34
Q

What is hypersthenuria?

A

A high urine specific gravity

35
Q

What is the value range for hypersthenuria?

A

Hypersthenuria: 1.013 - 1.050

36
Q

What are the value ranges for minimally concentrated urine and well concentrated urine?

A

Minimally concentrated urine: 1.013 - 1.030
Well concentrated urine: 1.030 - 1.050

MODULE 6 - Urinary System (22 decks)

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