CLINICAL SKILLS - Urinary System Clinical Terminology Flashcards
What is azotaemia?
Azotaemia is an increase in non-protein nitrogenous waste (urea and creatinine) in the urine
What is uraemia?
Uraemia is a clinical syndrome resulting from severe loss of kidney function
What is anuria?
Anuria is the complete lack of urine production
What is polyuria?
Polyuria is the abnormally large volume of urine production
What is haematuria?
Haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine
What is pyuria?
Pyuria is the presence of pus in the urine
What is pigmenruria?
Pigementuria is the presence of pigment in the urine
What is proteinuria?
Proteinuria is the presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine
What is pollakuria?
Pollakuria is the abnormally frequent passage of small volumes of urine
What is dysuria?
Dysuria is the difficult and/or painful passage of urine
What is stranguria?
Stranguria is the slow and painful passage of urine
What is urinary incontinence?
Urinary incontinence is uncontrolled urination
What is inappropriate urination?
Urination in abnormal locations
Which three clinical signs of renal malfunction are usually present together?
Pollakuria, dysuria and stranguria
What are the common clinical signs of uraemia?
Gastritis
Stomatitis
Pneumonopathy
What are some of the common clinical signs of renal disease?
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Weight loss
Inappetence
Vomiting/nausea/diarrhoea
What are some of the less common clinical signs of renal disease?
Ascites/subcutaneous oedema
Haematuria
Pain
Abdominal mass
What are some of the clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease?
Dysuria/stranguria/pollakuria
Haematuria
Urinary retention
Urinary incontinence
What are six common blood tests that are run to investigate urinary disease?
Urea
Creatinine
PCV
Albumin
Electrolytes
Cholesterol
What are some of the urinary tests that are done to investigate urinary disease?
Urine dipstick
Urine specific gravity (USG)
Urine sediment analysis
Culture
Which of the urine dipstick test pads are not relevant to veterinary medicine?
Nitrates
Urobilinogen
Specific gravity
Leukocytes
What diagnostic imaging can be done when investigating urinary disease?
Radiography (with or without contrast)
Ultrasound
Cystoscopy
What are the main methods for collecting a urine sample?
Free flow sample
Urethral catheterisation
Cystocentesis
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of collecting urine via free flow sampling?
Advantages: non-invasive
Disadvantages: time-consuming, sample contamination
What are some of the disadvantages of collecting urine via urethral catheterisation?
May require sedation, adequate restraint required, challenging in females, could introduce infection, sample contamination
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of collecting urine via cystocentesis?
Advantages: less likely to have sample contamination
Disadvantages: invasive
Which urinary test measures urine concentration relative to plasma concentration?
Urine specific gravity (USG) measures urine concentration relative to plasma concentration
Which instrument is used to measure urine specific gravity?
Refractometer
What is the normal specific gravity of plasma?
1.008 - 1.012
What is hyposthennuria?
A low urine specific gravity
What is the value range for hyposthennuria?
Hyposthenuria: 1.000 - 1.007
What is isosthenuria?
A normal urine specific gravity
What is the value range for isosthenuria?
Isosthenuria: 1.008 - 1.012
What is hypersthenuria?
A high urine specific gravity
What is the value range for hypersthenuria?
Hypersthenuria: 1.013 - 1.050
What are the value ranges for minimally concentrated urine and well concentrated urine?
Minimally concentrated urine: 1.013 - 1.030
Well concentrated urine: 1.030 - 1.050
