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MODULE 6 - Urinary System > ONCOLOGY - Neoplasia > Flashcards

ONCOLOGY - Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is oncology?

A

Oncology is the study of neoplasia

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2
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

A hamartoma is chaotically arranged tissue

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3
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

A choristoma is chaotically arranged tissue in an abnormal location

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4
Q

What are four changes that may precede neoplasia?

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

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5
Q

What are the two main categories of veterinary tumours?

A

Mesenchymal
Epithelial

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6
Q

What is a subgroup of mesenchymal tumours?

A

Round cell tumours

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7
Q

What are the four main differentials of round cell tumours?

A

Lymphoid cells
Mast cells
Plasma cells
Histiocytes

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8
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Leukaemia is a malignancy derived from circulating blood cells or their precursors

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9
Q

What are the suffixes used to describe benign and malignant mesenchymal tumours?

A

Benign: ends with ‘oma’
Malignant: ends with ‘sarcoma’

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10
Q

What is the term used to describe benign lymphoid tumours?

A

This is a trick question as there are no benign lymphoid tumours, both lymphoma and lymphosarcoma are malignant lymphoid tumours

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11
Q

What are the suffixes used to describe benign and malignant epithelial tumours?

A

Benign: ends with ‘oma’
Malignant: ends with ‘carcinoma’

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12
Q

What is a squamous papilloma?

A

Squamous papillomas are warts

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13
Q

What are the four features used to differentiate between benign and malignant tumours?

A

Differentiation
Growth rate
Local invasion
Metastasis

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14
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Anaplasia is the complete loss of cell differentiation

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15
Q

Why can neoplastic cells often have some of the same features as embryonic cells?

A
  • Normal cells may de-differentiate as they evolve into neoplastic cells leading to the re-surfacing of primitive structures
  • Tumours may arise from the small population of pluripotent stem cells present within adult tissues
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16
Q

In terms of the cell cycle, what are the main differences between tumour cells and normal cells?

A

Neoplastic cells spend very little time in G0 and do not undergo cell cycle arrest when there are mutations in their DNA sequence and thus evolve with genomic instability

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17
Q

Are tumour cells dependent on their host for replication?

A

No. Tumour cells are independent of the host for replication

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18
Q

What is the latency period in terms of tumours?

A

The latency period is the time taken for a tumour to become clinically apparent

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19
Q

How many replications does a neoplastic cell need to undergo to form a clinically significant tumour?

A

30 replications

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20
Q

How many more replications do neoplastic cells need to form a tumour no longer compatible with animal life?

A

10 more replications

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21
Q

What are four characteristics of benign tumours?

A

Well differentiated
Slow growth
No true invasion
No metastasis

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22
Q

What are six characteristics of malignant tumours?

A

Lack of differentiation
Atypical morphology
Anaplasia
Erratic growth
Infiltrative growth
Metastasis

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23
Q

What is Anisocytosis?

A

Anisocytosis is the term used to describe a variation in cell size

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24
Q

What is Macrocytosis?

A

Macrocytosis is the term used to describe abnormally enlarged cells

25
Q

What is Hypercellularity?

A

Hypercellularity is the term used to describe increased cell exfoliation

26
Q

What is Pleomorphism?

A

Pleomorphism is the term used to describe a variation in the size and shape of cells within a given population

27
Q

What is Macrokaryosis?

A

Macrokaryosis is the term used to describe abnormally increased nuclear size

28
Q

What is Anisokaryosis?

A

Anisokaryosis is the term used to describe variations in nuclear size

29
Q

What is Multinucleation?

A

Multinucleation is the term used to describe multiple nuclei within one cell

30
Q

What is Nuclear moulding?

A

Nuclear moulding is the term used to describe the deformation of nuclei by adjacent nuclei within the same cell or adjacent cells

31
Q

What are Macronucleoli?

A

Macronucleoli is the term used to describe abnormally increased nucleoli size

32
Q

What are Angular nucleoli?

A

Angular nucleoli is a term used to describe prominent angular nucleoli

33
Q

What is Anisonucleoliosis?

A

Anisonucleoliosis is a term used to describe a variation is nucleoli size

34
Q

How many cytological features of malignancy need to be identified to classify a tumour as malignant?

A

Three cytological features of malignancy need to be identified

35
Q

Both cytology and histology can be used to assess the morphological features of neoplastic cells. What additional components can be assessed using histology?

A

Margins
Evidence of metastasis

36
Q

What are three historical features of malignancy?

A

Increased mitotic figures
Multiple nucleoli
Karyomegaly (abnormal, large nuclei)

37
Q

Give an example of a tumour commonly seen in white haired animals?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

38
Q

What are the three hormones that can be produced by ovarian granuloma cell tumours?

A

Oestrogens
Androgens
Inhibin

39
Q

(T/F) Ovarian granuloma cell tumours in large animals are usually malignant

A

FALSE. Ovarian granuloma cell tumours in large animals are usually benign and completely harmless

40
Q

How does the secretion of testosterone by ovarian granuloma cell tumours effect mares?

A

Testosterone secretion by ovarian granuloma cell tumours can lead to mares exhibiting stallion-like behaviours

41
Q

Why are ovarian granuloma cell tumours in bitches more high risk?

A

Ovarian granuloma cell tumours in bitches have a higher chance of being malignant or the secretion of progesterone by the tumour can lead to cystic endometrial hyperplasia ultimately leading to a pyometra

42
Q

What are the two main structural components of tumours?

A

Parenchyma
Stroma

43
Q

What is the function of the tumour parenchyma?

A

The tumour parenchyma is the neoplastic or transformed cellular component of the tumour which determines the biological behaviour of the tumour

44
Q

What is the function of the tumour stroma?

A

The tumour stroma is the non-neoplastic, host-derived support tissues essential for tumour growth

45
Q

What is a scirrhous response?

A

The scirrhous response is the production of dense collagenous stroma by tumour-associated fibroblasts in response to the secretion of plasma derived growth factor (PDGF) by tumour cells

46
Q

Describe the three stages of tumour development

A
  • Initiation: Irreversible genetic change introduced by an initiator
  • Promotion: Outgrowth of initiated cells in response to specific stimuli
  • Transformation and progression: Benign tumours progressively become malignant and metastatic
47
Q

What is tumour heterogeneity?

A

Tumour heterogeneity is the sub-clones of neoplastic cells within one tumour

48
Q

Give four examples of tumour cell sub-clones

A

Non-antigenic neoplastic cells
Metastatic neoplastic cells
Lower growth factor requirement neoplastic cells
Invasive neoplastic cells

49
Q

At what diameter do tumours need to carry out angiogenesis to establish their own blood supply?

A

2mm in diameter

50
Q

Give an example of an angiogenesis inhibiting factor

A

Thrombospondin

51
Q

What triggers feline injection site sarcomas?

A

Feline injection site sarcomas are triggered by the repeated granulomatous inflammation at an injection site

52
Q

What are the three tumour metastasis pathways?

A

Transcoelomic
Haematogenous
Lymphatic

53
Q

What is transcoelomic metastasis?

A

Transcoelomic spread refers to the route of tumour metastasis across a body cavity

54
Q

List three examples of cancers which commonly metastasise via the transcoelomic route

A

Mesothelioma
Ovarian adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

55
Q

Which type of tumours favour the haematogenous route of metastasis?

A

Sarcomas favour haematogenous metastasis

56
Q

Which type of tumours favour the lymphatic route of metastasis?

A

Carcinomas favour lymphatic metastasis

57
Q

What are transmissible tumours?

A

Transmissible tumours are clonal transmissible cancers that can be spread through direct physical contact

58
Q

What are two transmissible tumours seen in animals?

A

Transmissible venereal tumours (TVT)
Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD)

59
Q

Give an example of a benign tumour that is easily regressed by immunosurveillance

A

Canine cutaneous histiocytoma

MODULE 6 - Urinary System (22 decks)

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