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MODULE 6 - Urinary System > EMBRYOLOGY - Embryonic Development of the Urinary System > Flashcards

EMBRYOLOGY - Embryonic Development of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of kidney development?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

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2
Q

Why is foetal urine production so low?

A

Foetal urine production is so low due to low renal perfusion and high renal vascular resistance

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3
Q

Which region of the mesoderm is the urogenital system derived from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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4
Q

Describe the formation of the urogenital ridge from the intermediate mesoderm

A

During tubulation, the intermediate mesoderm forms a cylindrical bilateral tube known as the urogenital ridge which runs from the cervical somites to the cloaca

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5
Q

What are the two components of the urogenital ridge?

A

Nephrogenic cord
Gonadal ridge

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6
Q

Which adult structures are derived from the nephrogenic cord?

A

Kidneys
Urinary duct system
Reproductive duct system

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7
Q

Which adult structures are derived from the gonadal ridge?

A

Gonads

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8
Q

Describe the pronephros stage of kidney development

A

At the cervical region of the somites, the nephrotome extends to form the pronephric ducts which extend to the cloaca. Pronephric tubules extend from the pronephric ducts

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9
Q

Is the pronephros a functional structure?

A

The pronephros is not functional in mammals but is functional in most fish and amphibians

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10
Q

Describe the mesonephros stage of kidney development

A

At the abdominal region of the somites, the mesonephric tubules form with the cranial mesonephric tubules emptying into the pronephric ducts (now known as the mesonephric ducts) and into the allantois

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11
Q

How does the structure of the mesonephric nephron differ from the adult nephron?

A

The mesonephric nephron has no loop of Henle

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12
Q

What does the mesonephros develop into in the male mammal?

A

In the male mammal, the mesonephros develops into the rete testis and the ductas deferens

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13
Q

What does the mesonephros develop into in the female mammal?

A

In the female mammal, the mesonephros completely regresses

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14
Q

What does the mesonephros develop into in fish and amphibians?

A

In fish and amphibians, the mesonephros develops into the final kidneys

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15
Q

What are the two embryological structures that give rise to the metanephros kidney?

A

Ureteric bud
Metanephric blastema

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16
Q

Which adult structures are derived from the ureteric bud?

A

Collecting system (ureters, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting ducts)

17
Q

Which adult structures are derived from the metanephric blastema?

A

Excretory system (proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, Bowman’s capsule)

18
Q

Describe the formation of the Bowman’s capsule from the metanephric blastema

A

The poles of the ureteric bud secrete transformation factors which induce the trans-differentiation of the mesenchymal cells of the metanephric blastema into epithelial cells. These epithelial cells form the renal vesicle which develops and invaginates to form Bowman’s capsule

19
Q

Which structure separates the cloaca into two compartments?

A

Urorectal septum

20
Q

What are the two compartments within the cloaca?

A

Anorectal canal
Urogenital sinus

21
Q

What are the two sections of the urogenital sinus?

A

Urethrovesicular part
Urogenital sinus proper

22
Q

Which adult structures are derived from the urethrovesicular part?

A

Pelvic urethra
Bladder

23
Q

Which structure connects the early embryonic bladder to the allantois?

A

Urachus

24
Q

List two diseases that can be caused by ureteric bud malformation

A

Hydronephrosis
Ectopic ureters

25
Q

What can be caused by the failed fusion of the excretory tubules and the collecting ducts during metanephros development?

A

Polycystsic kidney disease

26
Q

What can be caused by the incomplete closure of the urachus?

A

Urachal fistula

27
Q

In which animals are urachal fistulas most common?

A

Male foals

28
Q

What can be caused by the incomplete separation of the cloaca by the urogenital septum?

A

Recto-urogenital fistula

MODULE 6 - Urinary System (22 decks)

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