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11- Reproduction > Pathology of Uterus and Ovaries > Flashcards

Pathology of Uterus and Ovaries Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common symptom of uterine cancer?

A

abnormal bleeding (DUB or post menopausal)

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2
Q

what are the different types of uterine cancer?

A

endometroid

serous

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3
Q

when is the peak incidence of endometrial cnacer?

A

50-60yr

v uncommon under 40yrs

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4
Q

what is classically seen in the DNA of endometroid carcinomas?

A

microsatellite instability

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5
Q

what is microsatellite instability?

A

predisposition to genetic mutation due to impaired DNA mismatch repair

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6
Q

what are microsatellites?

A

repeated sequences of DNA

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7
Q

microsatellite instability is evidence that what process isn’t working properly?

A

MMR- DNA mismatch repair

(this is what usually fixes errors that occur in DNA replication)

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8
Q

microsatellite instability is a good marker for which condition?

A

Lynch Syndrome

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9
Q

serous carcinoma commonly affect which age group?

A

elderly post-meno pausal women

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10
Q

which gene is typiclly mutated in serous carcinoma?

A

TP53

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11
Q

why is obesity thought to increase risk of cancer?

A

adipocytes express aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogens stimulating endometrial proliferation

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12
Q

what is Lynch Syndrome?

A

cancer predispostion syndrome with high risk of colorectal, endometrial and ovarian cancer.

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13
Q

Lynch syndrome follows which mode of inheritance?

A

autosomal dominant

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14
Q

what are the Grades of Endometrial Cacncer

A

Grade 1: 5% or less solid growth

Grade 2: 6-50% solid growth

Grade3: >50% solid growth

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15
Q

how many stages of endometrial cancer are there?

A

Stage IA/B

Stage II

Stage IIIA/B/C

Stage IV

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16
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the smooth muscle?

A

leiomyosarcoma

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17
Q

what is commonly seen in morphology of leiomyosarcoma?

A

spindle cells

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18
Q

58yr old women presenting w abnormal vaginal bleeding, palpable pelvic mass and pelvic pain is likely to be?

A

leiomyosarcoma

19
Q

what is the prognosis like for leiomyosarcoma?

A

poor prognosis

20
Q

are most uterine cancers detected early or late?

A

early as usually present w abnomral bleeding

21
Q

which is more aggressive, endometroid ro serous carcinoma of the uterus?

A

serous

more aggressive and spreads along fallopian tube mucoase and peritoneal surfaces - may present as extrauterine disease

22
Q

which type of uterine cancer is assoc w unopposed oestrogen?

A

endometroid

(seerous is not asoc w unopposed oestrogen)

23
Q

atypical hyperplasia is the precursor of which type of uterine cancer?

A

endometroid

24
Q

what is the mainstay treaetment for uterine cancer?

A

surgery- hysterectomy/ablation

can also treat w chemo/radiotherapy

25
Q

which type of endometrual cancer arises from endometrial stroma?

A

endometrial stromal sarcoma

26
Q

which type of endometrial cancer arises from mixed malignant epithelial and stromal elements?

A

carcinosarcoma

27
Q

follicular cysts are common in which condition?

A

PCOS

28
Q

how would you describe follicular ovarian cysts?

A

thin walled lined by granulosa cells

29
Q

what is endometriosis?

A

endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine body

30
Q

what can be seen macroscopically in ovarian endometriosis?

A

peritoneal spots/nodules

fibrous adhesions

choclate cysts

31
Q

what are the complications of ovarian endometriosis?

A

pain

cyst formation

adhesions

infertility

ectopic pregnancy

malignancy

32
Q

ovarian endometriosis can predispose to which malignancy?

A

endometroid carcinoma

33
Q

what is the most common type of ovarian tumour?

A

epithelial

34
Q

what are the 4 types of epithelial ovaran cancer?

A

serous

endometroid

clear cell

mucinous

35
Q

what are the three classifications of mucinous tumour?

A

benign

borderline

malignant

36
Q

what is a benign ovarian tumour of transitional type epithelium?

A

brenner tumour

(malignant variant is rare)

37
Q

what is the most common germ cell tumour?

A

Mature teratoma

38
Q

a mature teratoma is also often called what?

A

dermoid cyst

(contains sebum and hair)

39
Q

are mature teratomas benign or malignant?

A

can be both

40
Q

what are the malignant types of germ cell tumour?

A

immature teratoma

dysgerminoma

yolk sac tumour

chroiocarcinoma

mixed germ cell

41
Q

what are the different types of sex cord/stromal tumours?

A

fibroma/thecoma

granulosa

sertoli-leydig

42
Q

fibroma are typically benign or malignant?

A

benign

may produce oestrogen causing uterine bleeding

43
Q

granulosa cell tumours are benign/malignant?

A

potentially malignant

may be assoc w oestrogenic manifestations

44
Q

what is brachytherapy?

A

intrauterine tube used to deliver radiotherapy

11- Reproduction (19 decks)

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