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Pathology 2 > Pathology of the Placenta & Foetus > Flashcards

Pathology of the Placenta & Foetus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Chorion>?

A

The later that contact the mother; in most species fused with the allantois

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2
Q

What is the Allantois?

A

Contains fetal urine and other fluids arising from the membrane itself

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3
Q

_______ is the smooth translucent membrane that surrounds the fetus and hold amniotic fluid; the fetal side can usually be ID’d by presence of amniotic plaaues

A

Amnion

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4
Q

What are the significance of Amniotic plaques?

A

They are little areas where we have flattened epithelium. Its an incidental finding, do not worry about them. They are commonly present on the bovine amnion during the middle trimester of gestation

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5
Q

When do early embryonic losses/mortalities occur?

A

During the early gestation period — delayed return to estrus

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6
Q

What is an exception in early embryonic loss?

A

Some infections cause infertility. Chromosomal abnormalities account for many of these losses.

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7
Q

Campylobacter fetus venerealis will cause…

A

Early embryonic death

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8
Q

Foetal death LATER in development will lead to…

A

Abortion
Stillbirth
Mummification
Maceration

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9
Q

Define Abortion

A

Expulsion of a Fetus prior to the time of expected viability

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10
Q

Define Stillbirth

A

Death of the fetus in the last part of gestation during the period where it is independently viable

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11
Q

What virus can cause stillbirth in piglets?

A

Porcine Parvovirus

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12
Q

_______ is when the fetus is retained indefinitely and become dehydrated

A

Mummification

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13
Q

T/F

Typically there is no bacterial infection to promote tissue lysis or putrefaction in fetus mummification

A

TRUE

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14
Q

How long does it take for a fetus in utero to dehydrate?

A

Usually takes longer than 1 week

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15
Q

What are the species causes of mummification?

A 
Horse- Twinning
Cattle- BVD virus infection
Dog- Canine Herpesvirus
Cat- Uterine horn torsion
Sow- Parvoviral infection
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16
Q

Define Maceration

A

A dead fetus is retained and infected by bacteria. This may be associated with dystocia or incomplete abortion.

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17
Q

Maceration can lead to…

A

Pyometra and maternal death from peritonitis and toxemia

18
Q

What species is Placental Insufficiency most important in?

A

Horses, Mares > may lead to fetal death, mummification, or abortion

19
Q

When would we see placental insufficiency?

A 
Twinning,
Endometrial Fibrosis,
Premature placental separation,
Uterine body pregnancy,
Torsion of the umbilical cord
20
Q

How would you test for endometrial fibrosis in a mare?

A

Take biopsies- would be able to see if p didn’t have enough glands that may lead to placental insufficiency

21
Q

________ is when extra placenta is made because there wasn’t enough to begin with.

A

Adventitial Placentation

22
Q

Development of intercotyledonary placentation in cattle is a mechanism of compensation for inadequate development of placentomes

A

Adventitial Placentation

23
Q

Adventitial Placentation is a mechanism of…

A

Compensation

24
Q

Hydramnions and Hydroallantois is…

A

Excessive accumulation of fluid in the amniotic and allantoic sacs

25
Q

_______ is usually associated with the MALFORMATION OF FETUS

A

Hydramnios (p may have facial anomalies)

26
Q

_________ is associated with uterine dz w/ inadequate numbers of caruncles and development of adventitial placentation in cattle

A

Hydroallantois

27
Q

Yolk sac remnants and allantoic pouches are also commonly observed in…

A

Mares. This is an incidental finding.

28
Q

What are present in virtually ALL equine placentae and are proteinaceous soft calculi, aggregated mineral, and organic allantoic concrements?

A

Hippomanes

29
Q

What is the No. 1 bacteria causing abortion?

A

SALMONELLA!

30
Q

What bacteria can cause abortions and cause p to have life long problems?

A

BRUCELLA

31
Q

What bacteria could you use fluorescent antibody testing on?

A

LEPTO

32
Q

For protozoal agents that cause abortion, how would you test for them?

A

Sample fetal brain and look for hallmarks of protozoal encephalitis

33
Q

Viruses, such as Herpesvirus and Pesivirus, causing abortion…how would you test?

A

Take thoracic and abdominal fluid and used paired serology

34
Q

If a bacterial agent caused abortion, where can you collect a sample from the fetus to culture?

A

Fetal stomach

35
Q

What is the criteria for submitting aborted fetuses for diagnostic evaluation?

A
  • When herd abortion rate exceeds 3% (max tolerable abortion rate)
  • When a number of animals abort over a short period of time
36
Q

Abortions that are sporatic and fetuses usually have plaques on skin are more than likely ______ agents.

A

Fungal agents

37
Q

Dermatitis lesions on fetus may have diagnostic significance that it is a….

A

Mycotic abortion (fungal)

38
Q

Amnionitis lesions on an aborted fetus >

A

Ureaplasma spp

39
Q

Focal necrosis in the liver or other tissues >

A

Herpesviral Infection / Campylobacter

40
Q

Myocarditis and myocardial necrosis

A

BVD, Neospora caninum, Nutritional myopathy

41
Q

Microscopic brain lesions…think…

A

Protozoal

42
Q

Placental tissue is good to look at in sheep for…

A

Chlamydia and Toxoplasma

Pathology 2 (6 decks)

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