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Pathology 2 > Ocular Pathology 1 > Flashcards

Ocular Pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Corneal Edema

A

Cornea is opaque — you can’t see into the eye

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2
Q

Cataracts

A

Lens is opaque – should be able to see Iris around the lens

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3
Q

What can cause Corneal Opacity?

A
  • Corneal Edema

- Corneal Deposits

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4
Q

What can cause Corneal Edema?

A
  • Injury to epithelium (ulceration)
  • Injury to endothelium
  • Keratitis
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5
Q

What are 3 examples of Injury to endothelium in Corneal Edema?

A
  • Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy
  • Increased IOP (Glaucoma)
  • Immune mediated
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6
Q

What is it called when young budding capillaries are present in cornea?

A

Keratitis

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7
Q

What can you use to detect a ulceration of the corneal epithelium?

A

Fluorescine dye

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8
Q

How does the Fluorescine dye work?

A

It sticks to the STROMA

NOT the epithelium

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9
Q

Where is the edema coming from in a ulcerated cornea?

A

Tear Film (outerworld)

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10
Q

What is neovascularization?

A

Keratitis - leaky capillaries

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11
Q

What is the condition called when you have tiny blood vessel growing into the cornea from the limbus?

A

Keratitis / Neovascularization

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12
Q

How do p get Corneal Endothelial Dystrophies?

A
  • Inherited; Breed predilections

- Old age change

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13
Q

T/F:

Corneal Endothelial Dystrophies endothelial degeneration is of unknown cause

A

TRUE

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14
Q

________: Bilaterally symmetrical foci of opacity which progress to diffuse opacity

A

Corneal Endothelial Dystrophies

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15
Q

Puppy that survived the acute phase of infectious__________________; immune complex deposition in corneal endothelium. Blue Eye…

A

Canine Hepatitis (CAV-1 infection)

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16
Q

Canine Adenovirus is the classic cause of

A

“Blue Eye”

Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy

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17
Q

What is the most common DZz of the lens?

A

Cataract

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18
Q

Swelling/Degeneration of lenticular fibers results in

A

Opacity

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19
Q

What does the lends do in response to injury?

A

Fibers swell/take on water > fiber fragmentation & disintegration
Hyperplasia & Fibrous Metaplasia of lens epithelium

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20
Q

When do you categorize a cataract as “Hypermature”?

A

When it gets to be so wrinkled and white – loss of lenticular fibers n the inside so the lens is shrinking and the capsule is wrinkling up on itself and mineralization

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21
Q

Which of the following would NOT result in a cataract?
A.Radiation
B.Increased IOP (Glaucoma)
C.Endophthalmitis
D.Hereditary defect in lenticular metabolism
E.Diabetes mellitus (high glucose in aqueous)
F.Trauma
G.None of the above

A

G- None of the above

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22
Q

How do you examine the back of eye? (Tepedum, optic nerve, vessles that supply the retina)

A

Fundic exam

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23
Q

-Decreased vascularity
-Optic Disc Atrophy
-Changes in Tapetal Reflection
All of these are indications of…

A

Retinal Degeneration (& Atrophy)

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24
Q

If you’re loosing retinal tissue, will the tapetum become more reflective or less reflective?

A

MORE REFLECTIVE, because the retina is usually covering. This is why the owner will see flashes more

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25
Q

What are causes of Retinal Degeneration & Atrophy?

A
  • Old age
  • Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRAs)
  • Sudden Aquired Retinal Degeneration
  • Toxicity
  • Metabolic Def- Taurine, Vit A
  • Increased IOP
  • Retinal Detachment
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26
Q

What are the 2 Inherited metabolic defects of photoreceptor cells that cause retinal degeneration & atrophy?

A

Progressive Retinal Atrophy
and
Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration

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27
Q

What can be the result of Enrofloxacin toxicity?

A

Aquired blindness
Loss of photoreceptors and outer nuclear & plexiform layers
Mdx: Retinal atrophy and degeneration

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28
Q

What are indicators to remove the eye for histopathology?

A
  • Painful eye

- Something in eye that is going to affect animal as a whole or /other eye

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29
Q

What are the 2 main mechanisms as to why p can have detached retina?

A

Cells accumulating under retina
(WBC,RBC, Neoplasia cells)

OR

Traction
Inflammation in back of eye. Usually between cilliary bodies.

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30
Q

Hypertension p and p who are a HBC are at risk for…

A

Retinal detachment (hemorrhage)

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31
Q

Whenever you have retinal detachment, either exudative or tractional, what is it usually due to?

A

INFLAMMATION!

Hemorrhage and Neoplasia are the exceptions

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32
Q

What is it called when there are fibrious adhesions between ciliary bodies?

A

Cyclitic Membrane

33
Q

What’s the consequence of retinal detachment?

A

Retinal Degeneration and Atrophy because they don’t have nutrients from neighboring cells

34
Q

Retinal pigmented epithelium are important for…

A

nourishing the photoreceptor cells. If retina separates, degen and atrophy of retina

35
Q

Golden retriever - glaucoma

A

pic

36
Q

How does glaucoma happen?

A

Increased IOP, occurs when theres too much aqueous humor. ITS BAD because 2ndary lesions will occur.

37
Q

What lesions might a glaucomic eye have?

A
  • Opacity
  • Retinal degen and atrophy
  • Cataracts
38
Q

How is aqueous humor produced?

A

By the ciliary body and flows through posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber to the filtration angle where the iris meets the cornea

39
Q

When there is a malformation of the filtration angle, it is congenital. What is this called?

A

Goniodysgenesis

40
Q

Goniodysgenesis is a detectable malformation of the trabecular meshwork that will result in…

A

Primary Gluacoma

41
Q

T/F:

In dogs, Goniodysgenesis is inherited and common

A

TRUE

42
Q

How does spontaneous lens luxation lead to glaucoma?

A

It will block the filtration angle and lead to glaucoma if the obstruction isn’t removed.

43
Q

Primary Glaucoma is caused by…

A

a congenital malformation/developmental abnormality of the filtration angle – not formed properly

44
Q

Primary Glaucoma is common inherited condtion in the…

A

Dog

45
Q

Matilda the cat is an example of primary or secondary Glaucoma?

A

Secondary— way more common than primary in domestic animals

46
Q

Anything that obstructs the pupil or trabecular meshwork can result in….

A

Secondary Glaucoma

47
Q

Give examples of causes of Secondary Glaucoma:

A

Exudate, Lens Luxation, Posterior Synechia, Peripheral Anterior Synechia, or Compression of the filtration angle

48
Q

The Iris can adhere to the lens or it can adhere to the cornea. What do we call it when it adheres to the lens? Adheres to the cornea?

A

Lens- Posterior Synechia
Cornea- Anterior Synechia

either can result in Glaucoma

49
Q

What does the term Peripheral Anterior Synechia mean?

A

More severe Anterior Synechia

50
Q

What does Buphthalmos mean?

A

Enlargement of the globe

51
Q

With corneal edema- if the expansion is super quick the desimis membrane will bust apart at the seams. As a result we would see..

A

Striae where the desimis membrane is coming apart

52
Q

Pressure atrophy on the retina. When this pressure is so severe and theres pressure on the optic nerve head, what can be a result of this?

A

Optic Disc Cupping

** we can see histologically OR in part of a Fundic Exam

53
Q

Is the retina is atrophic, we can get secondary…

A

Optic nerve atrophy

54
Q

Glaucoma can result in a…

A

Cataract

55
Q

T/F

Lens luxation can cause glaucoma, but it can also be a result of glaucoma

A

True, because if the globe is expanding, the zonule fibers that hold the lens in place can rupture and the lens won’t move around

56
Q

If the blood supply to the iris is impeded in a case of Glaucoma, what can be the result?

A

Iris Atrophy

57
Q

What is it called when a iris looks “Moth Eaten”

A

Iris Atrophy

58
Q

Ayfakent Crescent (lack of lens)

A

Lens is no longer in a central position, it has migrated down

59
Q

What is the term used for “Inflammation of the Eyelid”

A

Blepharitis

60
Q

What is “Chalazion”?

A

Granulomatous inflammation directed against meibomian gland

61
Q

What is “Stye”?

A

Common name for a bacterial infection of hair follicle or meilbomian gland (usually Staph aureus)

62
Q

What are Meibomian Glands?

A

Modified sebaceous glands that are at the margins of the eye lids – they are important for providing an oil component of the tear film

63
Q

What does the term “Chemosis” mean?

A

Severe conjunctival edema

64
Q 
Hyperemia
Swelling/Edema
Discharge
Chemosis
Pigmentation

Are all gross features of…

A

Conjunctivitis

65
Q

T/F

Hyperemia alone does not necessarily indicate conjunctivitis

A

TRUE

66
Q

Do primary infections usually cause conjunctivitis?

A

No, primary pathogens causing conjunctivitis is usually rare. But there are exceptions

67
Q

What is the exception with Primary causes of conjunctivitis?

A

CATS!
Herpesvirus 1
Chlamydophilia felis
Mycoplasma felis – can normally be there OR secondary pathogen

68
Q

If we have a severe conjunctivitis case clinically, will we biopsy?

A

NOPE! Bc the cause will not be histopathological evident. All the pathologist will be able to say is its a chronic lymphocytic conjunctivitis no matter what agent started it.

69
Q

What will present as a nodular mass between the junction of the cornea and sclera?

A

Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis

70
Q

What are some DDX for this nodular mass on the eye?

A

Neoplasia
Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis
Abscess

71
Q

Histologically, what would Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis look like?

A

Granulomatous keroconjunctivitis

72
Q

What could cause this granulomatous inflammation?

A

Bacteria or fungi OR is it Collie?!

73
Q

What’s an immune mediated condition of collies? Often Bilateral!

A

Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis

74
Q 
Edema
Epithelial Regeneration
Neutrophil Mediacted Stromal lysis
Neovasularization
Stromal Fibrosis
A

Coreal response to injury

75
Q

If the corneal epithelial surface isn’t all eroded all the way through, what speed will it regenerate?

A

Very rapidly since the basement membrane is intact

76
Q

If the corneal epithelial is eroded all the way through/deep defect – ULCER, what speed will it regenerate?

A

There has to be repair of the stroma before the cells can fill the gap

77
Q

If there is chronic/persistent injury _______ _____ may occur.

A

Cutaneous Metaplasia of the cornea - epithelium transform– like skin lacking hair follicle. it will no longer be transparent

78
Q

What bacteria love to be opportunistic in corneal ulcers?

A

Pesudomonas aeuginosa

79
Q

What primary pathogen will cause keratitis?

A

Moraxella bovis – causing Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis of cattle

Pathology 2 (6 decks)

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