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Pathology 2 > Pathology of the Mammary Gland > Flashcards

Pathology of the Mammary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Companion animals, neoplasia or mastitis?

A

Neoplasia

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2
Q

Farm animals,

neoplasia or mastitis?

A

Mastitis

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3
Q

What makes up the natural defense mechanisms of the mammary gland?

A

Teat orfice and canal make up the mechanical barrier

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4
Q

Lactoferrin, opsonins, and immunoglobins are …

A

Humoral factor defense mechanisms in milk

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5
Q

Where is mastitis the most costly Dz?

A

Dairy herds

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6
Q

Inflammation of the mammary gland is usually due to…

A

Infectious agents - mainly bacteria, some fungi - that gain access through the teat canal

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7
Q

Will you recognized a bacteria infection grossly?

A

YES! classically inflammation. With viral infections, we will not be able to see grossly

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8
Q

Hematogenous and percutaneous routes…

A

RARELY occur

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9
Q

When is it peak occurrence to have mastitis?

A

Shortly after calving and in the drying-off period when milk stagnates in the udder

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10
Q

What are the THREE CONTAGIOUS causes of mastitis?? KNOW THESE!!

A

Steptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma spp

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11
Q

Which bacteria is this:

  • Specific, contagious mastitis of ruminants; entry is through the teat canal
  • Healing is characteristically by fibrosis; sequel = atrophy of quarters
  • P is NOT systemically ill
A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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12
Q

Which bacteria is this:

  • Acute inflammation due to an alpha-toxin; may be peracute and fulminating or milder or more chronic
  • Abscesses, necrosis, gangrene in cattle
  • P is systemically ill
A

Staphylococcus aureus

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13
Q

Which bacteria is this:

  • Cattle and Sheep
  • Galactogenic and hematogenous routes
  • Sudden onset of agalactia, involvement of all 4 quarters, a precipitous drop in milk production, severe swelling of the udder, poor response to therapy and lack of obvious signs of systemic illness
  • much more subtle
  • Difficult to grown on culture
A

Mycoplasma bovis

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14
Q

Mycoplasma otitis can cause…

A

A head tilt

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15
Q

Where do Coliform mastitis occur?

A

Usually occur in places of poor hygiene. Once one is infected, may get severe metritis in the rest of the herd.

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16
Q

Why is it that E.coli may cause an acute and often fatal disease?

A

Potent endotoxin causes vascular damage leading to fluid exudates, hemorrhage, thrombosis and necrosis

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17
Q

What kind of cow does Coliform mastitis severely affected?

A

Newly calved cows transiently immunosuppressed

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18
Q

Per-acute cases of Coliform mastitis show…

A

systemic signs of severe toxemia

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19
Q

Mycobacterium bovis
Nocardia asteroids
Cryptococcus neoformans
ALL CAUSE…

A

Granulomatous mastitis

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20
Q

How is mycobacterium bovis spread?

A

Hematogenously, while the others are often reported to be iatrogenic

21
Q

Which bacterial mastitis has been associated with Neomycin infusions in dry cows?

A

NOCARDIAL MASTITIS

22
Q

Chronic inflammation of the lactiferous ducts and adjacent mammary gland has resulted in replacement of most of the gland by…

A

Pyogranulomas and Abscesses

23
Q

Which bacteria usually causes mastitis in Ewe’s and Goats?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Mannheimia haemolytica

24
Q

What is Contagious Agalactia?

A

Primarily a Dz of goats, sheep being slightly less susceptible

25
Q

What bacteria causes Contagious Agalactia?

A

Mycoplasma agalactiae

26
Q

What infection are lactating females and kids particularly susceptible to and likely succumb in the septicemic phase of the disease?

A

Contagious agalactia

27
Q

Can FMD cause mastitis?

A

YES!

28
Q

What 2 viral disease cause mastitis?

A

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (Maedi-Visna)
and
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

29
Q

What mammary gland neoplasia is common in rats?

A

Mammary Fibroadenomas

30
Q

T of F:

Mammary tumors are seen most commonly in bitches and queens and are rare in other species

A

TRUE!

31
Q

Are cats or dogs more likely to have a malignant mammary tumor?

A

CATS!

32
Q

Ovariohysterectomy at an early age is well documented to significantly reduce the risk of mammary tumor development in dogs (risk of 0.5, 8, and 26% depending on whether ovariohysterectomy is performed before the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd estrus, respectively)

A

Spay your bitches, bitches!

33
Q

Define Simple Adenoma of the mammary gland:

A

Proliferation of well differentiated luminal epithelial cells

34
Q

Define Complex Adenoma of the mammary gland:

A

Mixed proliferation of secretory epithelial cells myoepithelial cells

35
Q

What cells make up a fibroadenoma?

A

Epitheial and stroma cells

36
Q

What makes up a benign mixed tumor?

A

Proliferation of glandular and mesenchymal elememts. These are usually hard.

37
Q

Which malignant mammary tumor is the most common site of extraskeletal soft tissue in dogs?

A

Osteosarcoma

38
Q

The younger the dogs are, the more likely they are to have…

A

Benign neoplasms than older dogs

39
Q

Dogs who age is greater than 9.5…

A

Are more likely to have malignant neoplasms

40
Q

T or F:

Dogs ovariectomised prior to the 4th estrus cycle are less likely to develop mammary neoplasms

A

TRUE

41
Q

Dogs that have had their cycles manipulated with combinations of estrogens and proestrogens are more likely to have an increased number of…

A

Malignant neoplasms

42
Q

Lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis are…

A

Significant prognostic factors

43
Q

Feline mammary neoplasia is the _____ most common neoplasm in domestic cats.

A

Third most common neoplasm in domestic cats

44
Q

What is the signal most important prognostic factor in cats?

A

TUMOR SIZE!

45
Q

What was used years ago for behavior issues with cats?

A

Megestrol Acetate

46
Q

What did the drug megestrol acetate cause in cats?

A

Mammary fibroadenomas – benign! due to prolonged progesterone therapy

47
Q

Mammary Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia

AKA…

A

“Juvenile fibroadenoma

Feline mammary hypertrophy”

48
Q

Histologically, with this tumor the stroma cells proliferate and take over. Which tumor is this?

A

Mammary Fibroadenoma— stoma cells will go back to normal count as soon as p is taken off drug causing this

Pathology 2 (6 decks)

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