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CV II Exam 2 > Pathology of the Heart I > Flashcards

Pathology of the Heart I Flashcards

1
Q

25% individuals

A

foramen ovale doesn’t fuse

-probe patent - not congenital defect

problem if RA pressure higher than LA

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2
Q

paradoxical embolism

A

with hole in heart

-embolism from venous to arterial systemic circulation

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3
Q

MI in septum

A

arrhythmia

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4
Q

intercalated cells

A

in myocardium
-adhesion plus gap junctions

myocardial cells branch

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5
Q

sigmoid septum

A

aging heart

  • reduced ventricular size
  • bulging of basal ventricular septum

don’t perfuse coronary aa as well

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6
Q

aging heart

A

sigmoid septum
aortic and mitral valve calcific
coronary arteries tortuous
brown atrophy (lipofuscin

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7
Q

predominant cause of death in US

A

heart disease

cancer is close behind

more in males and AAs

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8
Q

increased deaths

A

congenital heart disease (better Dx)

hypertensive heart disease

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9
Q

decreased deaths

A

ischemic heart disease
valve disease
myocardial disease

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10
Q

cardiac reserve

A

at rest - CO only 10-20% of max capacity

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11
Q

symptomatic patient

A

with loss of 70-80% of cardiac function

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12
Q

six causes of cardiac dysfunction

A 
1 pump fail
2 obstruction through heart
3 regurgitant flow
4 shunted flow
5 conduction disorders
6 circulatory system disruption
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13
Q

myocardium

A

hypertrophy - no hyperplasia

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14
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

incrase in ventricular thickness or weight

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15
Q

cardiomegaly

A

increase in heart size

hypertrophy OR dilation

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16
Q

normal heart weight

A

male 300-350g

female 250-300g

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17
Q

600-1000g heart

A

aortic regurg

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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18
Q

400-800g heart

A

systemic HTN, aortic stenosis, mitral regurg, dialted cardiomyopathy

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19
Q

350-600g heart

A

pulmonary HTN, IHD

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20
Q

concentric hypertrophy

A

pressure overload

thick myocytes

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21
Q

eccentric hypertrophy

A

volume overload

stretched myocytes

chamber dilation as well

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22
Q

cor pulmonale

A

right ventricle hypertropy

23
Q

both eccentric and concentric

A

have increased muscle mass

24
Q

CHF

A

insufficient pump rate or pump only meet demands with elevated filling P

25
left side CHF
fluid in lungs
26
right side CHF
systemic edema
27
forward failure
diminished CO -systolic dysfunction - dilated cardiomyopathy -diastolic dysfunction - restrictive cardiomyopathy
28
backward failure
venous blood pooling
29
left side heart failure
IHD, HTN, aortic/mitral disease, cardiomyopathy
30
acute left side heart failure
emergency -acute pulmonary edema - foam at mouth 50% mortality
31
chronic left side heart failure
SOB, edema, pitting lower legs
32
venous congestion on lung
capillary pop - RBCs to alveolar space pinkish edema fluid
33
enlargement of left atrium
dilation occurs with LVH
34
IHD
chamber dilation
35
valvular disease
hypertropy
36
secondary enlargement of left atirum
atrial fib | mural thrombus
37
S3 gallup
diastolic filling -blood hitting wall -in physically active and sick individuals significant in pt didn't have it but now dose
38
annulus
ring around valve - contracts during systole - to prevent regurgitation
39
mitral regurg
systolic murmur
40
orthopnea
dyspnea when laying down
41
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
random attacks of dyspnea at night
42
other effects of left heart failure
pulmonary edema renal hypoperfusion -RAAS - vicious cycle brain - hypoxic encephalopathy
43
siderophages
heart failure cells | long term
44
right side heart failure
often follows left side heart failure increased P pulmonary circulation -increased workload on right side of heart
45
cor pulmonale
pure right side heart failure | -secondary to lung disease
46
anasarca
extreme generalized edema
47
effects of right side heart failure
subQ pitting edema congestive hepatomegaly - centrilobular necrosis congestive splenomegaly pleural and pericardial effusions (transudate)
48
BNP
produced by ventricles stretching for any reason also NT pro-BNP test available
49
ANP
produced by atrium
50
CNP
from endo cells - shear stress
51
natriuretic peptides
cause vasodilation, natriuresis, and diuresis
52
BNP level for CHF
extremely high - > 500
53
changes with hypertrophy
also see fetal isoforms of beta-myosin heavy chain, natriuretic peptides, and collagen
54
physiologic hypertrophy
aerobic exercise - volume-load hypertrophy - beneficial - increased cap density, decreased resting HR, decreased BP

CV II Exam 2 (18 decks)

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