Pathology of muscle. Flashcards
muscles, where the fibers run approximately the whole length of the muscle, parallel to the long axis
Parallel/Strap
Parallel/Strap
muscles, where the fibers run approximately the whole length of the muscle, parallel to the long axis
What type of muscle fiber arrangement is where fiber fun oblique to the long axis of the muscle?
Pennate
Pennate
What type of muscle fiber arrangement is where fiber fun oblique to the long axis of the muscle?
where the tendon lies along one side of the muscle and the fibers pass obliquely to the tendon
Unipennate
Unipennate
where the tendon lies along one side of the muscle and the fibers pass obliquely to the tendon
n which the tendon lies in the center of the muscle and fibers pass to it from each side
Bipennate
Bipennate
n which the tendon lies in the center of the muscle and fibers pass to it from each side
A muscle which is built for endurance Type 1 fibers has what kind of fibers ?
Which are shorter, more numerous
What arrangements are type 1 endurance fibers
Pennate arrangement.
Pennate arrangement.
What arrangements are type 1 endurance fibers
Shorter, more numerous
A muscle which is built for endurance Type 1 fibers has what kind of fibers.
A muscle which is built for power (type II fibers) has fibers
longer, less numerous and in a parallel arrangement
longer, less numerous and in a parallel arrangement
A muscle which is built for power (type II fibers) has fibers
prime mover/agonist
the muscle or muscles which are most responsible for carrying out a particular movement
the muscle or muscles which are most responsible for carrying out a particular movement
prime mover/agonist
antagonist
is the muscle that produces the opposite effect from the agonist
pathology of the central nervous system
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Both upper and lower motor neurons are damaged
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Both upper and lower motor neurons are damaged, middle aged person, 3-5 years after diagnosis, 10% of patients survive for 10 years or more, doesn’t affect senses, paralysis of muscles occur, ending with cardiac muscle
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
pathology of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
pathology of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Autoimmune disorder
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
pathology to the neuromuscular junction
Myasthenia Gravis/ Botulism
Myasthenia Gravis Botulism
the body’s immune system produces abnormal antibodies, which damages and destroys the ACH receptors.
the body’s immune system produces abnormal antibodies, which damages and destroys the ACH receptors.
Myasthenia Gravis Botulism
satellite cells
regeneration of injured muscle fibers may occur to some degree, due to the activity of undifferentiated myoblasts.
regeneration of injured muscle fibers may occur to some degree, due to the activity of undifferentiated myoblasts known as
satellite cells
Where are the satellite cells found?
Between the endomysium and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers.
When skeletal muscle fibers are injured, what cell may differentiate and help with repair and regenerate the muscle fibers?
Satellite cells.
What prevents satellite cells from replacing damaged muscle fibers
Muscular dystrophy.
Reciprocal Innervation
When a muscle contract, its antagonists automatically relaxes
What is the name for when a muscle contracts its antagonist automatically relaxes?
Reciprocal Innervation
Reciprocal Innervation
What is the name for when a muscle contracts its antagonist automatically relaxes?
What is the term in a newborn ( Especially a premature infant), when BOTH agonists contract at the same time
Co-Reflex Phenomenon
Co-Reflex Phenomenon
In a newborn especially a premature infant, both agonists and antagonists’ contract at the same time
Also seen in individuals with sensory nerve damage .
Co-Reflex Phenomenon
No account of the role of muscles would be complete without considering the influence of gravity—some movement are assisted by it, others have to contend against it.
Co-Reflex Phenomenon
middle aged person, 3-5 years after diagnosis,
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
10% of patients survive for 10 years or more.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
doesn’t affect senses, paralysis of muscles occur, ending with cardiac muscle.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
body creates antibodies that affects and destroys myelin sheath,
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
neurological problems with motor neuron (loss of motor), and can be deadly to percentage of people.
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
pathology to the neuromuscular junction
Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism
the most common neuromuscular junction disorder and an example of an autoimmune disorder
Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism
with an autoimmune disorder, the body’s immune system produces abnormal antibodies, which damage and destroy the ACH receptor sites on the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers ●
Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism
this disorder is not known to be inherited (genetic) nor contagious
Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism
● it starts by almost always affecting muscles supplied by cranial nerves (muscles of the eyes and face) and in many cases will progress to muscles of the extremities
Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism
many patients with the condition will suffer from hyperplasia of the thymus gland or a tumor to the gland (thymoma)
Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism
a pregnant woman who is suffering from the disorder has about 25% chance of having her infant born with the condition.
Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism
- pathology to the individual muscle fibers
Muscular Dystrophy
Wheel chair bound within a few years
Muscular Dystrophy
Duchene that affects young males, sex linked disorder, and lives to early 20’s
Muscular Dystrophy
Prolonged____ of the joints or chronic joint disorders ( i.e artritis) can cause
Immobilization; atrophy.
What is the term used to designate any diminishing of the vascular supply to a muscle ?
Ischemic necrosis/ischemia.
What will ischemic necrosis a result in?
The loss of muscle fibers within a few hours.
What are undifferentiated myoblasts on skeletal muscles?
Satellite cells
What are regenerates injured muscle fibers?
Satellite cells
Where are satellite cells found?
In the space between the endomysium and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber.
What condition prevents satellite cells from replacing damaged muscle fibers.?
Muscular dystrophy.
