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Gross Anatomy > Pathology of muscle. > Flashcards

Pathology of muscle. Flashcards

1
Q

​​muscles, where the fibers run approximately the whole length of the muscle, parallel to the long axis

A

Parallel/Strap

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2
Q

Parallel/Strap

A

​​muscles, where the fibers run approximately the whole length of the muscle, parallel to the long axis

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3
Q

What type of muscle fiber arrangement is where fiber fun oblique to the long axis of the muscle?

A

Pennate

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4
Q

Pennate

A

What type of muscle fiber arrangement is where fiber fun oblique to the long axis of the muscle?

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5
Q

where the tendon lies along one side of the muscle and the fibers pass obliquely to the tendon

A

Unipennate

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6
Q

Unipennate

A

where the tendon lies along one side of the muscle and the fibers pass obliquely to the tendon

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7
Q

n which the tendon lies in the center of the muscle and fibers pass to it from each side

A

Bipennate

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8
Q

Bipennate

A

n which the tendon lies in the center of the muscle and fibers pass to it from each side

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9
Q

A muscle which is built for endurance Type 1 fibers has what kind of fibers ?

A

Which are shorter, more numerous

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10
Q

What arrangements are type 1 endurance fibers

A

Pennate arrangement.

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11
Q

Pennate arrangement.

A

What arrangements are type 1 endurance fibers

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12
Q

Shorter, more numerous

A

A muscle which is built for endurance Type 1 fibers has what kind of fibers.

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13
Q

A muscle which is built for ​power​​ (type II fibers) has fibers

A

longer, less numerous and in a parallel arrangement

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14
Q

longer, less numerous and in a parallel arrangement

A

A muscle which is built for ​power​​ (type II fibers) has fibers

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15
Q

prime mover/agonist

A

the muscle or muscles which are most responsible for carrying out a particular movement

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16
Q

the muscle or muscles which are most responsible for carrying out a particular movement

A

prime mover/agonist

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17
Q

antagonist

A

is the muscle that produces the opposite effect from the agonist

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18
Q

pathology of the central nervous system

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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19
Q

Both upper and lower motor neurons are damaged

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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20
Q

Both upper and lower motor neurons are damaged, middle aged person, 3-5 years after diagnosis, 10% of patients survive for 10 years or more, doesn’t affect senses, paralysis of muscles occur, ending with cardiac muscle

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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21
Q

pathology of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

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22
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

pathology of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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23
Q

Autoimmune disorder

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

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24
Q

pathology to the neuromuscular junction

A

Myasthenia Gravis/ Botulism

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25
Q

Myasthenia Gravis Botulism

A

the body’s immune system produces abnormal antibodies, which damages and destroys the ACH receptors.

26
Q

the body’s immune system produces abnormal antibodies, which damages and destroys the ACH receptors.

A

Myasthenia Gravis Botulism

27
Q

satellite cells

A

regeneration of injured muscle fibers may occur to some degree, due to the activity of undifferentiated myoblasts.

28
Q

regeneration of injured muscle fibers may occur to some degree, due to the activity of undifferentiated myoblasts known as

A

satellite cells

29
Q

Where are the satellite cells found?

A

Between the endomysium and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers.

30
Q

When skeletal muscle fibers are injured, what cell may differentiate and help with repair and regenerate the muscle fibers?

A

Satellite cells.

31
Q

What prevents satellite cells from replacing damaged muscle fibers

A

Muscular dystrophy.

32
Q

Reciprocal Innervation

A

When a muscle contract, its antagonists automatically relaxes

33
Q

What is the name for when a muscle contracts its antagonist automatically relaxes?

A

Reciprocal Innervation

34
Q

Reciprocal Innervation

A

What is the name for when a muscle contracts its antagonist automatically relaxes?

35
Q

What is the term in a newborn ( Especially a premature infant), when BOTH agonists contract at the same time

A

Co-Reflex Phenomenon

36
Q

Co-Reflex Phenomenon

A

In a newborn especially a premature infant, both agonists and antagonists’ contract at the same time

37
Q

Also seen in individuals with sensory nerve damage .

A

Co-Reflex Phenomenon

38
Q

No account of the role of muscles would be complete without considering the influence of gravity—some movement are assisted by it, others have to contend against it.

A

Co-Reflex Phenomenon

39
Q

middle aged person, 3-5 years after diagnosis,

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

40
Q

10% of patients survive for 10 years or more.

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

41
Q

doesn’t affect senses, paralysis of muscles occur, ending with cardiac muscle.

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

42
Q

body creates antibodies that affects and destroys myelin sheath,

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

43
Q

neurological problems with motor neuron (loss of motor), and can be deadly to percentage of people.

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

44
Q

pathology to the neuromuscular junction

A

Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism

45
Q

the most common neuromuscular junction disorder and an example of an ​autoimmune disorder

A

Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism

46
Q

with an autoimmune disorder, the body’s immune system produces abnormal antibodies, which damage and destroy the ACH receptor sites on the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers ●

A

Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism

47
Q

this disorder is not known to be inherited (genetic) nor contagious

A

Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism

48
Q

● it starts by almost always affecting muscles supplied by cranial nerves (muscles of the eyes and face) and in many cases will progress to muscles of the extremities

A

Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism

49
Q

many patients with the condition will suffer from hyperplasia of the ​thymus gland​​ or a tumor to the gland (​thymoma​​)

A

Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism

50
Q

a pregnant woman who is suffering from the disorder has about 25% chance of having her infant born with the condition.

A

Myasthenia Gravis/Botulism

51
Q
  1. pathology to the individual muscle fibers
A

Muscular Dystrophy

52
Q

Wheel chair bound within a few years

A

Muscular Dystrophy

53
Q

Duchene that affects young males, sex linked disorder, and lives to early 20’s

A

Muscular Dystrophy

54
Q

Prolonged____ of the joints or chronic joint disorders ( i.e artritis) can cause

A

Immobilization; atrophy.

55
Q

What is the term used to designate any diminishing of the vascular supply to a muscle ?

A

Ischemic necrosis/ischemia.

56
Q

What will ischemic necrosis a result in?

A

The loss of muscle fibers within a few hours.

57
Q

What are undifferentiated myoblasts on skeletal muscles?

A

Satellite cells

58
Q

What are regenerates injured muscle fibers?

A

Satellite cells

59
Q

Where are satellite cells found?

A

In the space between the endomysium and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber.

60
Q

What condition prevents satellite cells from replacing damaged muscle fibers.?

A

Muscular dystrophy.

Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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