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Gross Anatomy > Gross Anatomy quiz 4 > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cubitus Valgus

A

An Abnormal increase in the carrying angle.

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2
Q

An Abnormal increase in the carrying angle.

A

Cubitus Valgus

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3
Q

Carrying angle

A

In anatomical position, the lateral angle between the ulna and humerus , the angle is bigger in females. Females deviates laterally 15 degrees
and males deviates laterally around 5 to 10 degrees.

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4
Q

Females deviates laterally 15 degrees

and males deviates laterally around 5 to 10 degrees.

A

Carrying angle

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5
Q

What allows the hand to be brought close to the face for eating or placed at a distance from the body, equal to the length of the upper extremity?

A

Elbow Complex

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6
Q

The joint and muscles of elbow serve the hand and pivot the mobility for the hand in space, by being able to shorten and lengthen the upper extremity

A

Elbow Complex

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7
Q

What two joints are included in the elbow complex?

A

Elbow joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint.

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8
Q

Why are the elbow and proximal radio-ulnar joint considered to be a part of one complex

A

The radius and ulna are common articulating surfaces.

The joint cavity for the elbow is continuous with the joint cavity of the proximal radio ulnar joint

The ligaments associated with the elbow joint are continuous and part of the proximal radio-ulnar joint.

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9
Q

What are the articulations for the elbow joint ?

A

Trochlea fossa of the humerus with the trochlear notch of the ulna and the capitulum of the humerus with the head of the radius.

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10
Q

What is the elbow joint classified as ?

A

Hinge/Ginglymus

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11
Q

What is the nerve supply to the elbow joint

A

Musculocutaneous ,radial, ulna and radial nerve.

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12
Q

What are the ligaments of the elbow joint

A

Capsular ligament

Lateral or radial collateral ligament

Medial or ulnar collateral ligament

Annular ligament

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13
Q

The Elbow joint requires that the capsular ligament to be ____ both anterior and posterior in order to permit maximum ___ and ___

A

Loose; Flexion; Extension

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14
Q

Strong collateral ligaments are required to limit ____ and ___ movements

A

Medial; Lateral

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15
Q

Which bone do the capsular ligament of the elbow joint have attachments to ?

A

Humerus and ulna ( NOT Radius)

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16
Q

Which ligament of the elbow joint runs form the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament ( so rotation of the radius is not limited)

A

Lateral or Radial Collateral ligaments.

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17
Q

What doe the lateral or radial collateral ligament prevent ?

A

Adduction (medial movement ) at the elbow joint.

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18
Q

What is the classification of the lateral or radial collateral ligament

A

Extrinsic ( acts like a rope)

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19
Q

What ligament runs from the medial epicondyle to the proximal part of the ulna

A

Medial or ulnar collateral

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20
Q

What does the medial or ulnar collateral prevent ?

A

Abduction ( lateral movement) at the joint

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21
Q

What is the classification of the medial or ulnar collateral e

A

Extrinsic ( acts like a rope)

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22
Q

What ligament is attached the margins of the radial notch of the ulna and surrounds but does NOT attach to the head and neck of the radius

A

Annular ligament

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23
Q

Which ligament keeps the head of the radius in place

A

Annular ligament

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24
Q

What is the classification of the annular ligament

A

Extrinsic ( acts like a wall)

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25
Q

The elbow joint is very stable ____ joint because of the wrench shape of the ____ ___ of the ulna articulating with the ___ of the humerus

A

Hinge; trochlea notch ; trochlea

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26
Q

The elbow joint is strengthened by strong _____ ligaments.

A

Collateral

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27
Q

What is the flexion at the elbow joint limited by ?

A

Soft tissue of the forearm meeting soft tissue of the arm.

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28
Q

What is extension at the elbow joint limited by

A

contact of the

Olecranon process

Olecranon Fossa

Anterior part of the capsular ligament

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29
Q

What type of elbow joint dislocation are common in which the proximal end of the ulna ( olecranon process) will become dislocated from the trochlea of the humerus

A

Posterior Dislocations

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30
Q

What other issues can accompany a posterior dislocation ?

A

Fracture of the head of radius

Fracture of the coronoid process of the ulna

Fracture of the olecranon process of the ulna

Torn ligament (ulnar collateral)

Injury to the ulnar nerve.

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31
Q

The close relationship of the ulnar nerve to the medial side of the elbow joint often results in the nerve becoming _____ or____ in dislocations or fracture dislocations of the joint

A

Compressed; lacerated

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32
Q

What injury joint would result in a patient complaining of paresthesia ( Numbness, pins and needle feeling) in the area of the fifth digit ?

A

Elbow joint ( ulnar Nerve)

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33
Q

What injured might show weakened flexion and addition of the hand at the wrist joint ?

A

Elbow Joint ( ulnar nerve )

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34
Q

What are the ways the ulnar nerve could get injured during an elbow dislocation ?

A

Being stretched or lacerated ( torn or deep Cut)

May become entrapped in scar tissue at the torn ligament

May become entrapped in new bone formation.

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35
Q

In full extension of the upper extremity, are the forearm and arm exactly aligned ?

A

no

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36
Q

It Is normal, especially in female, for the forearm to deviate laterally ___ degrees or a little more ( in males the angle is around ___ to ___ degrees)

A

15 degrees

5 to 10 degrees

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37
Q

What does the carrying angle allow

A

Allows the elbow to fit closely into the depression at the waist.

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38
Q

What is an increase in the carrying angle known as

A

Cubitus Valgus

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39
Q

What is the large bursa between the olecranon process and the skin known as ?

A

Olecranon bursa

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40
Q

Repeated excessive pressure on the olecranon bursa may cause it to become inflamed and produce a friction

A

friction;bursitis

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41
Q

What is the olecranon bursa’s function

A

Dissipate( dissolve) the pressure produced when one leans on their elbow.

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42
Q

If the olecranon bursa is exposed to injury, during a fall or a abrasions or the skin covering the bursa, ____ ____ can occur

A

Bacterial infection

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43
Q

What is the articulation of the proximal radio ulna joint ?

A

Head of radius

radial notch of the ulna

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44
Q

what is the classification of the proximal ( superior) Radio- ulnar joint, and what does that mean?

A

pivot/ trocrochoid joint ( supination / pronation)

where ONLY rotational movement is possible.

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45
Q

The capsular ligament of the proximal ( superior) radio- ulnar joint is continuous with that of the ____ joint

A

Elbow joint.

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46
Q

What two ligaments are specific to the proximal ( superior) radio ulnar joint

A

Interosseous membrane ( ligament) and the oblique chord.

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47
Q

what is the function of the interosseous membrane (ligament)

A

Limit supination beyond anatomical position

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48
Q

What is the function of the oblique chord?

A

Limits supination beyond anatomical position

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49
Q

What is the classification of the interosseous membrane ( ligament) ?

A

Extrinsic and acts like a rope.

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50
Q

What is the classification of the oblique chord ?

A

Extrinsic and acts like a rope

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51
Q

What is one of the most common musculosketal injuries seen in preschool children

A

Subluxation of the head of radius ( pulled or slipped elbow)

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52
Q

What injury is usually seen when the child is suddenly lifted (jerked) by the hand or forearm?

A

subluxation of the head of the radius (pulled or slipped elbow; nursemaid’s elbow)

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53
Q

When a child is suddenly lifted (jerked) by the hand or forearm, that movement may tear the ________ ligament or pull the _____ of the _______ from under the ________ ligament.

A

annular; head; radius; annular

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54
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a subluxation of the head of the radius (pulled or slipped elbow; nursemaid’s elbow)?

A

very painful, extremity is held limply at the side (forearm is flexed and pronated), palpation reveals tenderness at the radial head, and supination of the forearm causes increased pain

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55
Q

What is the lateral bone of the forearm?

A

radius

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56
Q

Slipping of the head of radius from under the annular ligament. May caused by a sudden pulling of the arm or hand.

Arm is held in pronation, supination causes great pain

A

Subluxation of radial head

pulled/ slipped elbow
( nursemaids Elbow)

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57
Q

Fracture of distal radius, fragment is displaced posteriorly. Due to a forward fall with an outstretched hand.
Clinically referred to as a dinner fork deformity.

Common in elderly women due to osteoporosis

A

Colle’s Fracture

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58
Q

The radius articulates proximally with the humerus at the _______ ______ and with the ulna at the ________ ______-_____ ______.

A

elbow joint; proximal radio-ulna joint

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59
Q

The radius articulates distally with the ulna at the ______ ______-______ ________ and with the scaphoid and lunate to form the ______ ______.

A

distal radio-ulnar joint; wrist joint

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60
Q

What is the pivot bone, which moves during pronation and supination?

A

radius

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61
Q

What is the medial bone of the forearm?

A

ulna

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62
Q

The proximal end of the ulna articulates with the humerus at the ______ _____ and the radius at the ________ ______-______ ______.

A

elbow joint; proximal radio-ulnar joint

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63
Q

Distally, the ulna articulates with the radius to form the ______ ____-____ ______.

A

distal radio-ulna joint

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64
Q

What bone does not take part in the articulation of the wrist joint since there is a piece of cartilage known as the articular disc of the wrist found between the distal end of the ulna and the carpal bones?

A

ulna

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65
Q

What is the piece of cartilage found between the distal end of the ulna and the carpal bones?

A

articular disc of the wrist

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66
Q

What is the stabilizing bone of the forearm?

A

ulna

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67
Q

How many ossification centers does the radius have?

A

3

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68
Q

How many ossification centers does the ulna have?

A

3

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69
Q

How many primary centers does the radius have, and where are they located?

A

1, shaft

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70
Q

How many primary centers does the ulna have, and where are they located?

A

1, shaft

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71
Q

How many secondary centers does the radius have, and where are they located?

A

2, one for the distal end and one for the proximal end

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72
Q

How many secondary centers does the ulna have, and where are they located?

A

2, one for the distal end and one for the proximal end

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73
Q

What forearm bone starts to ossify first?

A

radius

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74
Q

What forearm bone starts to ossify last?

A

ulna

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75
Q

What forearm bone completes ossification first?

A

They both end at the same time.

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76
Q

Radius: distal ossification first appears

A

1-2 years

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77
Q

Radius: distal ossification fusion with shaft Occurs ?

A

20-24 yrs

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78
Q

Radius: proximal

ossification first appears

A

4-7 years

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79
Q

Radius: proximal ossification fusion with shaft Occurs ?

A

14-17 years

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80
Q

Ulna: distal Ossification first appears ?

A

4-7 years

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81
Q

Ulna: Distal fusion with shaft

A

20-24 yrs

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82
Q

Ulna: proximal ossification first appears?

A

9-11 yrs

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83
Q

Ulna: proximal fusion with shaft appears

A

14-17 yrs

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84
Q

Fractures of the radius and ulna are usually due to severe and ______ _______ and produce a __________ fracture to the ______ of both bones.

A

direct trauma; transverse; shaft

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85
Q

Are isolated fractures to either the radius or ulna possible?

A

yes

86
Q

Why is displaced of a fragment during a fracture of the radius or ulna usually considerable

A

the pull of muscle that attached.

87
Q

can there be comminuted fractures in the radius and/ or ulna ? Explain ?

A

Yes,

88
Q

What does comminuted mean

A

Broken in pieces

89
Q

If the anatomical relationship of the radius, ulna, and the interosseous membrane are not restored, ________ and ________ may be impaired.

A

pronation; supination

90
Q

What fracture is one of the most common fractures in adults, especially women over the age of 50 (due to osteoporosis)?

A

colles fracture

91
Q

What fracture occurs at the distal end of the radius?

A

colles fracture

92
Q

What type of fracture occurs when an individual falls on an outstretched hand with the forearm pronated and the force of the trauma moves through the carpal bones to the distal end of the radius?

A

colles fracture

93
Q

In a colles fracture, the ______ fragment is displaced _________, producing a shortening of the ______ and this fragment may be ______

A

distal; posteriorly; radius; comminuted

94
Q

What is dinner fork deformity a sign of?

A

colles fracture

95
Q

Do colles fractures heal well? Why?

A

yes, since the bone has a good vascular supply

96
Q

Failure to restore the normal articulation between the radius and carpal bones can lead to severe limitations of _______ and __________ at the wrist and may cause ______ ________ of the wrist joint.

A

flexion; extension; traumatic arthritis

97
Q

What fracture is a reverse colles fracture?

A

smith’s fracture

98
Q

What fracture is due to a fall on the back of the hand, with the distal fragment of the radius displaced anteriorly?

A

smith’s fracture

99
Q

How many bones compose the carpus?

A

8 carpal bones

100
Q

Fracture of the distal radius, fragment is displaced anteriorly. Due to a fall on the back of the hand.

A

Smiths Fracture.

101
Q

What is the proximal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral( triquetrum) and pisiform

102
Q

What is the distal row of carpal bone from lateral to medial

A

Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

103
Q

How many ossification centers do the carpal bones have ?

A

1 each

104
Q

When do the carpal bone begin to ossify

A

usually after birth, however in females, centers may appear in the capitate and hamate during the 9th month of development

105
Q

What is the order the carpal bones ossify?

A
  1. capitate and hamate
  2. triquetral
  3. lunate
  4. trapezium, trapezoid, scaphoid
  5. pisiform
106
Q

When is ossification of the carpal bones completed?

A

14-16 years of age

107
Q

What bones are used to estimate the age of a child of unknown age?

A

carpal bones

108
Q

What are the five long bones of the hand?

A

metacarpals

109
Q

What direction are the metacarpals numbered?

A

radial to ulnar side

110
Q

What do the base of the metacarpals articulate with?

A

distal row of carpal bones

111
Q

What do the heads of the metacarpals articulate with?

A

base of the proximal phalanges

112
Q

What is the broadest and shortest metacarpal?

A

1st

113
Q

What is the longest metacarpal?

A

2nd

114
Q

List the metacarpals in order from longest to shortest.

A

2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 1st

115
Q

What are the short bones of each digit?

A

phalanges

116
Q

How many phalanges does each digit have?

A

3 (proximal, middle, and distal) with the exception of the thumb which only has 2 (proximal and distal)

117
Q

What are the varying number of bones embedded in some of the flexor tendons of the hand?

A

sesamoid bones

118
Q

Where are the sesamoid bones most constant over?

A

MP joints of digit 1, 2, and 5; IP joint of digit 1

119
Q

What are the functions of the sesamoid bones?

A

to protect and stabilize tendons, and

they change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their insertion (increase leverage)

120
Q

What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?

A

scaphoid

121
Q

What carpal fracture often results from a fall on the palm with the hand hyperextended?

A

scaphoid

122
Q

How much force does it take to fracture the scaphoid?

A

twice as much force as is needed to fracture the radius

123
Q

What fracture is often confused with a “sprained” wrist?

A

scaphoid fracture

124
Q

Tenderness and swelling in the anatomical snuffbox makes one suspicion for what type of fracture?

A

scaphoid fracture

125
Q

Why can a scaphoid fracture be a serious issue?

A

some individuals will have a blood supply to the bone that is different than normal and this can cause a necrosis to the proximal part of the bone, and that can lead to a degenerative arthritis of the wrist joint

126
Q

What fracture may lead to a nonunion of the fractured parts because of the pull of muscles that attach to the bone?

A

Hamate fracture

127
Q

What nerve may be injured in the fracture of the hamate?

A

Ulnar nerve, Because it is close to the hook of the hamate.

128
Q

Since the ___ to the ___ metacarpals are closely attached by ligaments, fractures tend to be stable.

A

2nd to the 5th

129
Q

Do metacarpals have a good blood supply?

A

Yes, they tend to heal quickly

130
Q

What is fractured during a boxers fracture

A

5th metacarpal

131
Q

How is the 5th metacarpal fractured?

A

When an individual punches someone with a closed fist.

132
Q

What fracture will cause instability to the first CM joint

A

Base of the 1st metacarpal

133
Q

What is the CM joint?

A

Carpometacarpal ligament

134
Q

What is usual cause of fracture of the phalanges?

A

Crushing injuries ( e.g. Finger caught in a door)

135
Q

A fracture of what part of a phalanx may result in painful hematomas

A

Distal

136
Q

What type of fracture ae commonly associated with extensor or flexor tendons by the phalanges?

A

Avulsion Fracture

137
Q

What movement of the had at the wrist joint is the act of bending the palm of the hand toward the forearm ?

A

Flexion

138
Q

What movement of the hand at the wrist joint is the movement of straightening the flexed hand?

A

Extension

139
Q

What movement of the hand at the wrist joint is when the movement of extension is continued beyond anatomical position ?

A

Hyperextension

140
Q

What movement of the hand at the wrist joint is the movement of the hand laterally away from the body

A

Abduction

141
Q

What movement of the hand at the wrist joint is the movement of the hand medially toward the body ?

A

Adduction

142
Q

What movement of the digits is bending the digit toward the palm

A

Flexion

143
Q

What movement of the digits is straightening the flexed digits

A

Extension

144
Q

What movement of the digits is movement of digits 1, 2,4 and 5 away from the midline

A

Abduction

145
Q

What movement of the digits is movement of the digits 1,2,4 and 5 toward the midline of the hand?

A

Adduction

146
Q

Can digit 3 adduct ?

A

No, it can only abduct either laterally or medially.

147
Q

Where do the muscle of forearm mainly act?

A

Wrists and digits, although a few do act at the elbow and radio ulnar joint.

148
Q

Where is majority of the fleshy mass on the forearm? why is it that way

A

Proximal part of the forearm, because the distal is mostly tendons it allows a greater number of muscles to have access to the hand than would otherwise be possible.

149
Q

What is the common tendon of origin of origin for the anterior superficial forearm muscles?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

150
Q

List the anterior superficial forearm muscles.

A

Pronator teres

Flexor Carpi

Palmaris Longus

Flexor carpi Ulnaris.

151
Q

What is a small muscle found crossing the anterior aspect of he proximal anterior forearm

A

Pronator Teres

152
Q

What forms the medial border of the cubital fossa

A

Pronator Teres

153
Q

What is the origin of the pronator teres ?

A

Medial Epicondyle

Humerus and coronoid process/ ulna

154
Q

What is the insertion of pronator teres

A

Pronator ridge/ radius

155
Q

What are the actions of the pronator teres ?

A

Pronation of the forearm at the proximal radio- ulnar joint

and Assist in flexion of the forearm.

156
Q

What is the nerve supply to the pronator teres

A

Medium Nerve

157
Q

What is a compression of the median nerve in the proximal forearm ?

A

Pronator teres Syndrome

158
Q

What is the median nerve compressed between in pronator teres syndrome?

A

the two heads of the pronator teres.

Due to either trauma or excessive pronation or supination

159
Q

What muscle is a typical long forearm muscle, and its tendon of insertion is the most laterally of the flexor group

A

Flexor carpi radials

160
Q

What is the origin of the flexor carpi radialis ?

A

Medial epicondyle/ humerus

161
Q

What is the intorsion of the flexor carpi radialis

A

Second metacarpal ( with a small slip to the 3rd metacarpal)

162
Q

What are the actions of the flexor carpi radialis ?

A

Equal prime mover for flexion at the wrist joint and abduction of the hand.

163
Q

What is the nerve supply to the flexor carpi radialis

A

Median Nerve

164
Q

What can a weakness in the flexor carpi radialis cause

A

Abnormal type of the hand at the wrist joint known as ulnar deviation.

165
Q

What muscle is missing in about 15 % of the population ?

A

Palmaris longus

166
Q

What muscle is found just medial to the flexor carpi radials

A

Palmaris longus

167
Q

What muscle in many species operates the claw ?

A

Palmaris longus

168
Q

What muscle is vestigial in humerus

A

Palmaris longus

169
Q

What is the origin of the palmaris longus

A

The medial epicondyle and the

170
Q

What is the insertion of the palmaris longus ?

A

Palmaris Aponeurosis

171
Q

What are the actions of the palmaris longus

A

Weak flexion of the wrist.

Tightness palmer aponeurosis and thus helps palmer grip.

172
Q

What is the nerve supply for the palmaris longus

A

median nerve

173
Q

What is the most medially situated of the long forearm muscles of the superficial anterior layer ?

A

Flexor carpi Ulnaris

174
Q

What are the origins of the flexor carpi Ulnaris ?

A

Olecranon Process of the ulnar

And Medial epicondyle.

175
Q

What are the insertions of the flexor carpi Ulnaris

A

Pisiform, Hamate and 5th metacarpal.

176
Q

What are the actions of the flexor carpi Ulnaris

A

Equal Prime movers for the flexion at the wrist joint.

Adduction of the hand.

177
Q

What is the nerve supply to the flexor carpi Ulnaris ?

A

Ulnar nerve

178
Q

What will a weakness of the flexor carpi Ulnaris cause

A

An abnormal type of flexion of the hand at the wrist joint known as radial deviation.

179
Q

What is the only muscle that is located in the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm ?

A

flexor Digitorum superficialis

180
Q

As the flexor Digitorum superficialis tendons of insertion cross the ___ join, it splits into a ___ separate tendons, which split at their point of attachment to permit the tendons of the _____ ______ _____ to pass through.

A

Wrist; four ; Flexor Digitorum profundus

181
Q

what are the origins of the flexor Digitorum superficialis

A

shaft of the radius

and
Medial epicondyle of the humerus.

182
Q

What are the actions of the flexor Digitorum superficialis ?

A

Flexes the Proximal interphalangeal jjoint of digit 2-5

Assist with flexion at wrist joints

183
Q

What is the nerve supply of the flexor Digitorum superficialis

A

Median Nerve

184
Q

What are the deep anterior forearm muscles ?

A

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Flexor pollicis longus

pronator quadratus.

185
Q

What muscle is found deep to the flexor Digitorum superficialis

A

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

186
Q

what muscle, at the wrist, gives off four separate tendons, which pas thorugh the split tendons of the flexor Digitorum superficialis to their insertion on the medial four digits?

A

Flexor Digitorum profundus

187
Q

What is the origin of the flexor Digitorum profundus

A

Shaft/Ulna

188
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor Digitorum profundus

A

Distal phalanges digits 2-5

189
Q

What are the actions of the flexor Digitorum profundus

A

Flexes Distal phalanges of digits 2-5

190
Q

What is the nerve supply to the flexor Digitorum profundus ?

A

Median and Ulna nerves.

191
Q

Is it possible to flex the DIP joints and PIP joints Separately ?

A

Yes

192
Q

What is the most laterally places of the deep anterior forearm muscles?

A

Flexor pollicis Longus

193
Q

What is the origin of the flexor pollicis longus

A

Shaft/ Ulna

194
Q

What is the action of the flexor pollicis longus ?

A

Flexes digit 1 at the IP joint

195
Q

What is the nerve supply to the flexor pollicis longus

A

Median nerve

196
Q

What is a flat, quadrilateral shaped muscle which is found at the anterior distal of the forearm

A

Pronator Quadratus

197
Q

All of the tendons of the other long anterior forarm muscle are superical to what muscle ?

A

Pronator Quadratus

198
Q

what is the origin of the protanor quadratus

A

Shaft/Ulna

199
Q

What is the insertion of the pronator quadratus

A

Shaft/ radius

200
Q

What are the action of the pronator quadratus ?

A

Pronates the forearm at the distal radio-ulnar joint and helps stabilize the distal ulnar joint.

201
Q

What is the nerve supply to the pronator quadratus

A

Median nerve

202
Q

What is a compression neuropathy to the median nerve at the proximal part of the forearm ?

A

pronator teres syndrome

203
Q

What is a compression neuropathy to the median nerve at the distal part of the forearm ?

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

204
Q

Radiocarpal Classification

A

Condyloid joint

205
Q

Distal end of radius articular disc, scaphoid, lunate and triquetral.

A

Condyloid joint

206
Q

Compression of the median nerve by the pronator teres muscle. Symptoms are similar to carpal tunnel syndrom, but also include the forearm

A

Pronator teres syndrome

207
Q

Weakness of the flexor carpi ulnaris causes a more laterally favored flexion of the hand

A

Ulnar deviation

208
Q

Weakness of the flexor carpi radialis causes a more laterally favored flexion of the hand

A

Radial deviation

209
Q

Medium nerve damage, causes atrophy if the thenar muscles. The thumb is held close to the 2nd metacarpal.

A

Ape Hand

210
Q

Ulnar Nerve damage, cannot fully flex digit 4 and 5

A

Claw hand

211
Q

Compression of the ulnar nerve between the pisiform and the hook of the hamate

A

Guyons Canal Syndrome

212
Q

Cyclist may put pressure on the area with their handlebars

A

Guyons Canals Syndroms

Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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