pathology of brain tumours Flashcards
where are the 4 most common sites that a primary tumour can metastasize to the brain from?
lung- 35%
breast- 20%
kidney - 10%
GI tract - 5%
how are brain tumours classified?
tissue of origin
location
primary or secondary
grading
what is a GX grading for a CNS tumour?
grade cannot be assessed
what is a G1 grading for a CNS tumour
well differentiated (low grade)
what is a G2 grading for a CNS tumour?
moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
what is a G3 grading for a CNS tumour?
poorly differentiated (high grade)
what is a G4 grading for a CNS tumour?
undifferentiated (high grade)
what are some common ways that a brain tumour can present?
neurological deficit 68% motor weakness 45% mental status changes seizures 26% headache 54%
what are some general signs and symptoms of brain tumours?
cerebral oedema increased ICP focal neuro deficits obstruction of CSF flow pituitary dysfunction papilloedema
what are some signs and symptoms that are specific to cerebral tumours?
headache
vomiting NOT related to food intake
changes in visual fields and acuity
hemiparesis or hemiplegia hypokinesia decreased tactile discrimination seizures changes in personality or behaviour
what are som signs and symptoms more specific to brainstem tumours?
hearing loss facial pain and weakness dysphagia, decreased gag reflex nystagmus hoarseness ataxia dysarthria
what are some signs and symptoms more specific to cerebellar tumours?
disturbances in coordination and equilibrium
what are some signs and symptoms more specific to pituitary tumours?
endocrine dysfunction
visual deficits
headache
what are some signs and symptoms more specific to frontal lobe tumours?
inappropriate behaviour personality changes inability to concentrate impaired judgement memory loss headache expressive aphasia motor dysfunctions
what are some signs and symptoms more specific to parietal lobe tumours?
paraethesia
loss of 2 part discrimination
visual field deficits
what are some signs and symptoms more specific to temporal lobe tumours?
psychomotor seizures
hallucinations
loss of consciousness without convulsions
what are some signs and symptoms more specific to occipital lobe tumours?
visual disturbances
what are some classifications of intra axial tumours?
gliomas oligodendroglioa ependymomas medulloblastoma CNS lymphoma