Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

neurology > embryology and congenital malformations > Flashcards

embryology and congenital malformations Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nervous system develop from?

A

embryonic ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when does the CNS appear?

A

beginning of the 3rd week of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the neural plate?

A

thickening of the ectoderm anterior to the primitive node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how are the neural folds formed?

A

the edges of the neural plate thicken and move upwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is the neural tube formed?

A

neural folds migrate towards each other and fuse at the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when does the anterior (cranial/rostral neuropore) part of the neural tube close?

A

around 25 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when does the posterior (caudal neuropore) close?`

A

day 27

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what defects can present as a result of the neural tube failing to close properly?

A

anencephaly
encephalocoele
spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is anencephaly?

A

failure of the anterior neuropore to close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the result of the anterior neuropore failing to close?

A

skull fails to form

brain tissue degenerates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is craniorachischisis?

A

failure of anterior neuropore and rostral neural tube to close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is encephalocoele?

A

herniation of cerebral tissue through a defect in the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what causes encephalocoele?

A

failure in closure of the rostral neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what causes spina bifida?

A

defective closure of the caudal neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is spina bifida?

A

non fusion of the vertebral arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is spina bifida occulta?

A

failure of the embryonic halves of the vertebral arch to grow normally and fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is spina bifida cystica?

A

embryonic halves of the vertebral arch fail to grow normally and fuse AND the spinal cord and/or meninges can protrude through the defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 3 types of spina bifida cystica?

A

with meningocele
with meningomyelocle
with myeloschisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is spina bifida with meningocele?

A

protrusion of the meninges and CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is spina bifida with meningomyelocle?

A

when the nerve roots and/or spinal cord are included in the protruding sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what symptoms can present with SB with meningomyelocele?

A

neurological deficits - loss of sensation and muscle paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is SB with meningomyelocele associated with often?

A

hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is myeloschisis?

A

when the spinal cord in the affected area is open due to the failure of the neural folds to fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what measures are taken to try and prevent neural tube defects?

A

folic acid supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how can neural tube defects be diagnosed prenatally?

A

maternal blood screening
amniocentisis
ultrasounf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are some risk factors for NTD?

A

genetic predisposition
nutritional
environmental

27
Q

when does development of the brain vesicles begin?

A

with closure of the anterior neuropore

28
Q

what is the prosencephalon (forebrain) composed of?

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

29
Q

what is the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) composed of?

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

30
Q

when does the cephalic flexure appear?

A

end of the 3rd week

31
Q

where is the cephalic flexure located?

A

between the midbrain and the hindbrain

32
Q

when does the cervical flexure appear?

A

end of the 4th week

33
Q

where is the cervical flexure located?

A

between the hindbrain and the spinal cord

34
Q

when does the pontine flexure appear?

A

5th week

35
Q

where is the pontine flexure located?

A

in the hindbrain between the metencephalon and myelencephalon

36
Q

what develops from the telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres
hippocampus
basal ganglia

37
Q

what develops from the diencephalon?

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland

38
Q

what forms the ventricular system of the head?

A

lumen of the neural tube

39
Q

when does CSF begin to form?

A

5th week of pregnancy

40
Q

how does CSF drain into the subarachnoid space?

A

via openings in the roof of the 4th ventricle

41
Q

where is CSF absorbed?

A

into the venous system

42
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

accumulation of CSF

43
Q

what does hydrocephalus result in?

A

enlarged brain and craniam

44
Q

what is a common cause of hydrocephaly?

A

blocked cerebral aqueduct

45
Q

what can cause i blocked cerebral aqueduct?

A

genetic
prenatal viral infection
IV haemorrhage

46
Q

what kind of cells make up the neural tube

A

single layer of rapidly dividing neuroepithelial cells

47
Q

what kind of epithelium makes up the neural tube?

A

pseudostratified epithelium

48
Q

what cells of CNS are not produced by neuroepithelium?

A

microglia

49
Q

what nevous system are neural crest cells part of?

A

PNS

50
Q

what process of neural crest cells forms the body of the spinal cord?

A

peripheral process

51
Q

what process of neural crest cells forms the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

A

central process

52
Q

how long is the spinal cord in the 3rd month of pregnancy?

A

entire length of vertebral column

53
Q

what forms sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?

A

neural crest cells

54
Q

how are sulci and gyri of the brain formed?

A

rapid growth of the cerebral hemispheres

55
Q

what causes lissencephaly?

A

defective neuronal migration

56
Q

what is lissencephaly?

A

failure of gyri and sulci to develop?

57
Q

what does lissencephaly cause?

A

severe mental impairment
failure to thrive
seizures
abnormal muscle tone

58
Q

what is polymicroglia?

A

excessive number of small gyri

59
Q

what is porencephaly?

A

CSF filled cysts or cavities in the brain

60
Q

what is schizencephaly?

A

large clefts or slits in the brain

61
Q

what is diastematomyelia?

A

spinal cord split longitudinally into 2 parts

62
Q

what are some symptoms of diastematomyelia?

A

scoliosis
weakness of lower extremities
loss of sensation

63
Q

what is a common cause of newborn intellectual impairment?

A

maternal alcohol abuse

neurology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions