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neurology > Common conditions of the eye > Flashcards

Common conditions of the eye Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common single cause of blindness worldwide?

A

cataracts

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2
Q

what happens to older lens fibres?

A

they accumulate in the middle of the lens

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3
Q

what kinds of cataracts are there?

A 
immature cortical
mature
steroid induced
traumatic
nuclear sclerosis
childhood
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4
Q

what are the 2 types of childhood cataract?

A

sutural

zonular

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5
Q

why do childhood cataracts develop?

A

due to opacification of certain zones of the lens in utero

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6
Q

how are cataracts managed?

A

surgery

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7
Q

what is the name of the surgery used to implant a new lens after cataract surgery?

A

posterior chamber intra ocular lens - PCIOL

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8
Q

what is the name of the canal by which aqueous humor drains out of the orbit? (after the trabecular meshwork)

A

schlemms canal

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9
Q

what is the most common type of glaucoma?

A

primary open angle glaucoma - POAG

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10
Q

why is POAG difficult to detect?

A

patients can be asymptomatic for a long period of time

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11
Q

what happens if pressure is applied to the nerve fibres on the surface of the retina

A

they die out - causing visual field defects

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12
Q

how does glaucoma progress?

A
  1. raised IOP
  2. visual field defects
  3. optic disc changes on opthalmoscopy
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13
Q

how is glaucoma managed?

A

eye drops to decrease IOP
laser trabeculoplasty
trabeculotomy surgery

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14
Q

what are some classes of eyedrops that can decrease IOP?

A

prostaglandin analogues
beta blockers
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

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15
Q

what happens to the trabecular meshwork in POAG?

A

it doesnt function normally

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16
Q

where is the AH obstruction in angle closure glaucoma?

A

anywhere along the drainage pathway

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17
Q

what are some features of angle closure glaucoma?

A 
sudden onset
pain
lost/blurred vision
headaches
IOP severely raised
red eye, cornea often opaque
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18
Q

why does the angle “close” in AC glaucoma?

A
  1. functional block in a small eye - large lens
  2. mid dilated pupil - periphery of iris crowds around the angle and outflow is obstructed
  3. iris sticks to pupillary border which prevents reaching Anterior Chamber. leads to iris balooning anteriorly and obstructing angle
19
Q

how is AC glaucoma managed?

A

dramatically decrease IOP

iridotomy - both eyes to bypass blockage

20
Q

what are some methods used to decrease IOP in AC glaucoma?

A 
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor IV infusion
analgesia
constrictor eyedrops
steroid eye drops
beta blocker eye drops if no contraindication
21
Q

what are some causes of infectious corneal ulcers?

A

viral
bacterial
fungal infection of cornea

22
Q

what are some causes of non infective corneal Ulcers

A

trauma
corneal degenerations
dystrophies

23
Q

what is the pathology of lattice (stromal) dystrophies?

A

deposition of amyloid material in the corneal stroma

24
Q

what is the pathology of fuchs endothelial dystrophy?

A

asymmetrical bilateral progressive oedema - swelling due to the accumulation of fluid in the cornea

25
Q

if the blood vessels in the iris begin to leak where will the leaked fluid go?

A

into the aqueous humor

26
Q

what is anterior uveitis?

A

iris with or without ciliary body inflamed

27
Q

what is intermediate uveitis?

A

ciliary body inflamed

28
Q

what is posterior uveitis?

A

choroid inflamed

29
Q

how does a patient with lattice dystrophy present?

A

eye irritation
photosensitivity
pain
blurred vision

30
Q

what can cause uveitis?

A

isolated illness
associated with systemic diseases such as ankylosing spondylosis
can be caused be infectious and non infectious disease

31
Q

what is the pathophysiology of anterior uveitis?

A

inflamed iris leaks plasma and WBCs into AH

32
Q

how does an eye with anterior uveitis appear?

A

red
painful
visual loss

33
Q

what is the pathophysiology of intermediate uveitis?

A

ciliary body is inflamed and leaks cells and proteins into the vitreous

34
Q

what are symptoms of intermediate uveitis?

A

floaters - hazy vision

35
Q

what is inflamed in posterior uveitis?

A

choroid

36
Q

what are symptoms of posterior uveitis?

A

blurred vision

37
Q

what is conjunctivitis?

A

bacterial or viral infection of the conjunctiva

38
Q

what are symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

red watering eyes
discharge
no loss of vision if infection doesnt spread to the cornea

39
Q

what are the 2 types of stye eye or hordeolum?

A

external - affecting sebaceous glands of an eyelash

internal - affecting the meibomian glands

40
Q

what causes an external stye?

A

infection of the hair follicle of the eyelash

41
Q

what causes an internal stye?

A

occurs due to blockage and infection of the meiboman glands

42
Q

what are the meiboman glands?

A

sebaceous gland at the rim of the eyelids inside the tarsal plate, responsible for the supply of meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye’s tear film.

43
Q

how do you treat stye eyes?

A

warm compress
eyelid hygeine
may need surgical incision

neurology (29 decks)

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