Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD2 Ambulatory Care and Emergency Medicine > Pathology of Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue > Flashcards

Pathology of Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

What are metabolic bone conditions?

A

Osteoporosis
Rickets and osteomalacia
Hyperparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some tumour-like lesions of bone?

A

Cysts
Metaphyseal fibrous defect
Fibrous dysplasia
Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are bone forming tumours?

A

Osteoma
Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma
Osteosarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are cartilage forming tumours?

A

Osteochondroma
Chondromas
Chondrosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Paget’s disease of bone?

A

Disorder of bone formation >

  • Deformity
  • Decreased structural strength
  • Increased bone mass
  • Effects on other systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the cause of Paget’s disease of bone?

A

Uncertain

Abnormal osteoclast activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three phases of Paget’s disease of bone?

A

Lytic
Mixed
Burnt out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the clinical features of Paget’s disease of bone?

A 
Middle age-elderly
Males slightly >females
White European descent predominance
Often asymptomatic with x-ray changes
Most polyostotic
Proximal femur common ~80% - small bones less common
Localised pain
Leontiasis ossea
Platybasia
Long bone bowing
Secondary osteoarthritis
Chalkstick and vertebral compression fractures
AV shunts > 
- Heart failure
- Warm skin
Osteosarcoma and other tumours
Radiological bone cortex thickening
Biochemical changes of increased serum ALP and hydroxyproline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is leontiasis ossea?

A

Lion face syndrome

Due to overgrowth of facial cranial bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is platybasia?

A

Flattening of skull base > cranial nerve lesions, esp deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does Paget’s disease of bone look like macroscopically?

A

Thickened, deformed vascular bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does Paget’s disease of bone look like microscopically?

A

Mosaic
Haphazard
Jigsaw patterns with variable osteoclastic/blastic activity
Increased marrow vascularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

Bone necrosis
Most commonly idiopathic
Can be secondary to numerous conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the causes of secondary avascular necrosis?

A 
Steroids
Trauma
Infection
Dysbarism
Pregnancy
Collagen disease
Sickle cell disease
Alcohol
Pancreatitis
Tumours
Epiphyseal disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mechanism of avascular necrosis?

A

Ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical features of avascular necrosis?

A 
Pain common when subchondral
Osteoarthritis - depends on site
Asymptomatic if medullary infarcts small
Pain with big infarcts in
- Gaucher's
- Sickle cell disease
- Dysbarism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Gaucher’s disease?

A

Can’t metabolise sphingolipid > sphingolipid deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the macroscopic features of avascular necrosis?

A

Medullary cancellous bone - well demarcated lesion
Cortex has collaterals
Cartilage viable
Fracture can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is cartilage viable in avascular necrosis?

A

Separate blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the microscopic features of avascular necrosis?

A

Lacunae devoid of osteocytes
Necrotic fat cells
Creeping substitution over dead scaffolding
Sometimes sloughing of articular cartilage

21
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Infection of bone

22
Q

What are the causes of osteomyelitis?

A 
Most commonly pyogenic bacteria
Less commonly
- Mycobacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Parasites
23
Q

What are the clinical features of osteomyelitis?

A 
Acute
- Fever
- Malaise
- Chills
- Throbbing pain over infected site
Less obvious in
- Infants
- Elderly
24
Q

What are the complications of osteomyelitis?

A 
Necrosis
Flare-ups
Amyloid
Fracture
Endocarditis
Sepsis
Tumours
25
Q

What are the investigations for osteomyelitis?

A 
FBE - leukocytosis
X-ray
CRP
Cultures
Biopsy
26
Q

What populations are particularly affected by TB?

A

Immigrants
Immunosuppressed
Indigenous Australians

27
Q

What is the treatment for osteomyelitis?

A

Systemic ABs

+/- drainage

28
Q

What are the microscopic features of osteomyelitis?

A

Acute inflammation
Bacteria
Caseating granulomata
Other organisms

29
Q

What is septic arthritis?

A

Organism-induced joint inflammation

30
Q

What are the causes of septic arthritis?

A

Haematogenous

Direct inoculation

31
Q

What are the causative agents of septic arthritis?

A 
Pyogenic bacteria
Mycobacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi
Viral
Others
32
Q

What are the clinical features of septic arthritis?

A

Acute inflammation

Knee common site

33
Q

In what populations is septic arthritis more common?

A 
Infants
Immunosuppressed
Pre-existing joint disease
Drug users
Joint trauma
Sexually active
34
Q

What are the investigations for septic arthritis?

A

Similar to osteomyelitis

Joint aspirate instead of biopsy

35
Q

What are the tests run on joint aspirates for septic arthritis?

A

Gross description
Cell count and differential
Gram stain and culture
Crystal examination

36
Q

What is osteosarcoma?

A

Malignant mesenchymal tumour > tumour cells produce bone

37
Q

What mutations in osteosarcoma are important?

A

RB

p53

38
Q

Where is osteosarcoma more common?

A

Sites of bone growth

39
Q

What are the clinical features of osteosarcoma?

A 
Bimodal incidence
- <20 years
- Elderly
Painful masses sometimes with fracture
Aggressive > 10-20% with pulmonary metastases at diagnosis
Metastases common cause of death
40
Q

What are the radiographic features of osteosarcoma?

A

Destructive
Lytic
Blastic infiltrating lesions
Reactive raised periosteum

41
Q

What is the treatment for osteosarcoma?

A

Assumes presence of metastasses
Multi-modal chemotherapy
Limb salvaging surgery

42
Q

What are the macroscopic features of osteosarcoma?

A 
Knee commonest at metaphysis
Flat bones with increasing age
Bulky, grey, gritty
White with haemorrhage
Necrosis
Soft tissue infiltration
Uncommonly involves joint and tendo-ligamentous structures
43
Q

What are the microscopic features of osteosarcoma?

A

Pleomorphic cells
Sometimes multinucleated
Abnormal mitoses
Producing bone

44
Q

What are the main types of soft tissue tumours?

A 
Fatty tumours
Fibrous tumours and tumour-like lesions
Fibrohistiocytic tumours
Tumours of skeletal muscle
Tumours of smooth muscle
Vascular tumours
Peripheral nerve tumours
45
Q

What are Baker’s cysts associated with?

A

Osteoarthritis in knee

46
Q

Where are Baker’s cysts found?

A

Back of knee

47
Q

What can rupture of a Baker’s cyst cause?

A

Local inflammation and swelling at top of calf

48
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for a ruptured Baker’s cyst?

A

DVT

MD2 Ambulatory Care and Emergency Medicine (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions