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MD2 Ambulatory Care and Emergency Medicine > Head and Neck Pathology > Flashcards

Head and Neck Pathology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for a lateral cystic mass in the neck?

A

Branchial cyst
Epidermoid cyst
Thyroid cyst

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2
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for a midline cystic mass in the neck?

A 
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Thyroid cyst
Bronchogenic cyst
Epidermoid cyst
Thymic cyst
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3
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for a lateral solid mass in the neck?

A 
Enlarged lymph node
Salivary gland enlargement/lump
Thyroid mass
Lipoma
Paraganglioma
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4
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for a midline solid mass in the neck?

A

Thyroid mass

Thyroid goitre

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5
Q

Why may a thyroid mass not move on swallowing?

A

Profound infiltration of malignancy

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6
Q

What is a branchial cyst?

A

Congenital epithelial cyst

Due to failure of obliteration of 2nd branchial cleft

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7
Q

What is an epidermoid cyst?

A

From ectodermal tissue

Lined by benign squamous epithelial cells

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8
Q

What is a thyroglossal duct cyst?

A

Some cells from where thyroid descends from base of tongue can remain
Usually between tongue and hyoid bone

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9
Q

What is a paraganglioma?

A

Carotid body tumour

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10
Q

What are some infective causes of cervical lymphadenopathy?

A

Cat scratch disease
Toxoplasma
Any infections in mouth
TB

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11
Q

What are some non-infective inflammatory causes of cervical lymphadenopathy?

A

Sarcoidosis

Rheumatoid arthritis

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12
Q

What are options available for sampling a palpable mass?

A

FNA
Core biopsy
Incisional biopsy
Excisional biopsy

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13
Q

What is the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract?

A

M&raquo_space;F

6th-7th decades

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14
Q

What are the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract?

A

Smoking
Alcohol
HPV
EBV

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15
Q

What is oral leukoplakia?

A

White patch of plaque > can’t be scraped off and can’t be characterised clinically/pathologically as any other disease
Until proven otherwise, considered pre-cancerous

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16
Q

What is oral erythroplakia?

A

Red, velvelty growth, often associated with squamous dysplasia

17
Q

What is the normal function of the parotid??

A

Salivary gland

18
Q

What is a pleomorphic adenoma?

A

Mixed epithelial and myoepithelial cells

Set within myxoid/chondroid matrix and sometimes osseus tissue

19
Q

After a parotidectomy, what can cause ipsilateral facial weakness and loss of taste?

A

Mechanical trauma during surgery
Reactivation of virus
Bell’s palsy

20
Q

What are the benign salivary gland tumours?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma
Warthin’s tumour
Oncocytoma
Adenoma

21
Q

What are the malignant salivary gland tumours?

A

Carcinoma

22
Q

Where is a pleomorphic tumour most likely to occur?

A

Parotid

23
Q

Why does adenoid cystic carcinoma recur?

A

Propensity for nerves

24
Q

What can a goitre be?

A

Diffuse/multinodular
Grave’s disease
Hashimoto’s disease

25
Q

What can a solitary thyroid nodule be?

A 
Benign
- Colloid nodule
- Follicular adenoma
Malignant
- Papillary carcinoma
- Follicular carcinoma
- Medullary carcinoma
- Anaplastic/undifferentiated carcinoma
26
Q

What is a colloid nodule?

A

Dominant nodule from within multinodular goitre

May be cystic

27
Q

What is a follicular adenoma?

A

Neoplasm made of thyroid micro-follicles/trabeculae with well-defined thin capsule

28
Q

What is the most common malignant thyroid nodule?

A

Papillary carcinoma

29
Q

What is a medullary carcinoma?

A 
C-cell derived
Associated with
- MEN2
- RET oncogene mutation
- Amyloid deposition
30
Q

What ages does papillary thyroid carcinoma affect?

A

25-50

31
Q

What is the risk factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma?

A

Exposure to ionising radiation

32
Q

What are the clinical features of papillary thyroid carcinoma?

A

Painless mass in thyroid/enlarged cervical node
Radionuclide scan - cold nodule
Excellent prognosis
Cervical lymph node involvement common

MD2 Ambulatory Care and Emergency Medicine (29 decks)

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