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Pathology > Pathology Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Pathology Lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first line of defense of the immune system?

A
  • Innate
  • Non specific
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2
Q

What is the second line of defense of the immune system?

A
  • Inflammation (also non-specific)
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3
Q

What is the third line of defense of the immune system?

A
  • Adaptive defense
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4
Q

What are the non-specific defenses?

A
  • Skin & mucosa
  • Phagocytes
  • Natural killer cells
  • Antimicrobial proteins
  • Fever
  • (Inflammation also non-specific)
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5
Q

Is having a fever a good thing and why?

A

It depends (haha) - Mild to moderate fever is beneficial - A really high temperature can denature cells

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6
Q

What are the physical and mechanical barriers?

A
  • Skin, Conjunctiva, Mucous Membranes
  • Lining of the GI, GU and respiratory tracts
  • Mucus
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7
Q

What are the immune system barriers that involve ciliary action of the mucus?

A
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Vomiting
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8
Q

What are different biochemical barriers?

A
  • pH of Skin
  • Secreted saliva / Tears / Earwax / Sweat / Sebum
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Normal bacterial flora
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9
Q

What is the pH of the skin?

A

3-5 (acidic)

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10
Q

What is the pH of the gastric tract?

A

1.5-3.5

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11
Q

What is the pH of the vagina?

A

3.5-4.5

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12
Q

What do high amounts of yeast usually indicate?

A

Glucose imbalance (diabetes)

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13
Q

Where does E. coli live in our body and how does it help us?

A
  • live in the intestines
  • help our body break down the food we eat as well as assist with waste processing, Vitamin K production, and food absorption.
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14
Q

Although E. coli can help in food absorption, what can it cause in humans?

A

Urinary tract infection

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15
Q

What are different biochemical barriers that have antimicrobial properties?

A
  • Sweat
  • Earwax
  • Tears
  • Sebum
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16
Q

What plant is a lysozome similar to? Why?

A
  • Venus fly trap (secretes enzymes that digest the fly)
  • Lysomoes engulf something and digests it
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17
Q

What are some types of phagocytes? What is the most common?

A
  • Monocytes –> most common
  • Macrophage
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Mast Cells
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18
Q

What is opsonization?

A

A cell is coated with IgG and Immonglobulin G. It recognizes C3B (a compliment protein) on the bacteria which tells the cell “I’m good to eat.”

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19
Q

What is the order of events of phagocyte mobilization?

A
  • Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
  • Margination (pavementing)
  • Diapedesis
  • Positive chemotaxis
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20
Q

How do Natural Killer Cells kill?

A

They don’t kill by engulfing. They punch holes in the cell membrane and damage the cell membrane in a similar mechanism of apoptosis.

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21
Q

What does MAC stand for? What is it’s function?

A
  • Membrane Attack Complex
  • Another system that is activated to defend and remove the bacteria
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22
Q

What is the mechanism of Interferons? What else do they have an affect on?

A

Think virus. Interferons can induce synthesis of antiviral proteins (in unaffected cell) that interfere with viral replication. It has an affect on inflammation as well.

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23
Q

What do Complement proteins do in immunity? What effect do they have on the cell?

A
  • Insert themselves into the membrane and creates a pore
  • Water enters the cell
  • The cell lyses
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24
Q

Why does a fever happen?

A

Endogenous pyrogens change hypothalamic “set point”

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25
Q

What is FUO?

A

FUO = Fever of Unknown Origin

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26
Q

What is the Lymphatic system composed of?

A
  • Lymph
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphoid tissues
  • Lymphoid organs
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27
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid in lymphatics

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28
Q

What are the components of lymphatic vessels?

A
  • Duct
  • Trunk
  • (Node)
  • Capillary
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29
Q

In which system are B & T lymphocytes and phagocytic cells produced?

A

Lymphatic system

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30
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A
  • Nodes
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Tonsils
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31
Q

Which direction does lymph flow?

A

Unidirectional - Valves prevent back flow of tissue

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32
Q

What is one of the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic system is a collection site of cellular debris.

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of nodes? What are some indications of abnormalities of these characteristics?

A

Nodes are usually soft and spongy

  • If they are hard and thick it indicates the presence of cancer
  • If they are tender & large indicates an infection
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34
Q

What do inflamed inguinal nodes indicate?

A

STD

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35
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Enlarged spleen from accumulation of infections microorganism

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36
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Any enlargentment or abnormality of the lymph nodes

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37
Q

What is the sentinel node?

A

The first node that receives lymph drainage from a suspected cancer

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38
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

Collection of lymph because of compromised lymphatic system

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39
Q

What are the 3 cell types? What are the cells called?

A
  • RBC –> Erythrocytes
  • WBC –> Leukocytes
  • Platelets –> Thrombocytes
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40
Q

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
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41
Q

What distinguishing characteristic categorizes a granulocyte or agranulocytes?

A

The way they stain

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42
Q

In leukocytes, what is diapedesis?

A

A retraction of the junction between the cells in the endothelial fluid when phagocytes move out of capillaries (Ameoboid motion)

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43
Q

In leukocytes, what is chemotaxis?

A

When something is attracted by chemicals

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44
Q

What are polys?

A

Polymorphoneucleocytes are a type of granulocyte

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45
Q

What is margination?

A

When phagocytes line up on the cell wall of the endothelial. This occurs before the penetrate the tight junctions.

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46
Q

What are the characteristics of inflammation?

A
  • Hot
  • Red
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Decreased function
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47
Q

What are the chemicals involved during inflammation?

A
  • Histamine
  • Kinins
  • Prostaglandins
  • Complement
  • Cytokines
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48
Q

Why does a injury site get red and hot during inflammation?

A

Because of vasodialation

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49
Q

Increased permeability of cells during inflammation results in what physiological effect?

A

Swelling

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50
Q

What are causes of the activiation of inflammation?

A
  • Infection
  • Trauma
  • Chemical agents
  • Ischemias
  • Nutrient deprivation
  • Temperature extremes
  • Ionizing Radiation
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51
Q

What does activation of mast cells initiate?

A

Imflammatory response

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52
Q

What causes the activation of mast cells?

A
  • Physical injury
  • Chemical toxins
  • Immunological activation (Complement/Antibodies)
  • Toll-Like Receptors (as activated by bacteria, viruses)
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53
Q

What are adaptive (specific) defenses?

A

Antigen specific, systemic defense system that use memory cells to recognize the presence of repeated pathological invaders.

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54
Q

What are the two types of adaptive defenses?

A
  • Humoral Immunity (Antibody-mediated)
  • Cell mediated immunity
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55
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When a person is “given” antibodies - May be natural or acquired

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56
Q

What are the two types of immunity in an individual host?

A
  • Passive Immunity
  • Active Immunity
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57
Q

What is active Immunity?

A

Body exposed to antigen –> generates immune response

(Wiki: Acquired immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.)

58
Q

How long does active immunity last?

A
  • may take from days to weeks to years
  • may be natural or acquired
59
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

Patient has disease and then recovers

60
Q

What is acquired active immunity?

A

Vaccination

61
Q

What is an attenuated pathogen?

A
  • Not the full strength
  • Not going to make you sick
62
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Molecule of molecular complex that reacts with performed components of the immune system

63
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

Antigen that stimulates the immune system (induce component formation).

64
Q

What are haptens?

A

Small antigens that may become immunogenic.

65
Q

What are histocompatibility antigens?

A
  • Recognition of self
  • proteins found on cell membrane
  • genes are located on chromosome 6, known as HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) Complex
66
Q

How does your body recognize itself?

A

Histocompatibility antigens

67
Q

When you have an autoimmune disease, what is there a ploblem with?

A

Your histocompatibility antigens

68
Q

What are types of antigens that antibodies bind to?

A
  • Toxin molecules
  • Virus
  • Bacterium
69
Q

The antigen-antibody complex fixes and activates what? What does it enhance and what does it lead to?

A
  • Complement system
  • Enhances phagocytosis and inflammation
  • Leads to cell lyse
70
Q

What three things is the antigen-antibody complex inactivated by? What does it enhance?

A
  • Precipitation (soluable antigen)
  • Agglutination (cell bound antigens)
  • Neutralization (masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins, viruses)
  • Enhances phagocytosis
71
Q

Cell mediated immunity includes what two types of cells?

A
  • Effector T cells
  • Regulatory T cells
72
Q

What is an example of an effector cell?

A

Cytotoxic T Cells (CD 8)

73
Q

What is the function of preforin?

A

(Wiki: Perforin is a cytolytic protein found in the granules of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cells. Upon degranulation, perforin inserts itself into the target cell’s plasma membrane, forming a pore.)

74
Q

What is an allergen?

A

Nonpathogenic antigen

75
Q

What is Immediate hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

Antibody

76
Q

What are the categories of hypersensitivity?

A
  • Immediate
  • Delayed
77
Q

What is an example of delayed hypersensitivity?

A

Tuberculosis

78
Q

How is Tb related to hypersensivity?

A

(+) ppd test means you had a delayed hypersensivity reaction to Tb.

79
Q

If you test (+) for Tb, what must you check for?

A

(+) Results: Check for redness and insuration (local swelling)

80
Q

What vaccine prevents Tb?

A
  • BCG vaccine
  • You could be (+) from a vaccine shot (BCG) that is given in certain countries
81
Q

What is the most sever form of immediate hypersensivity?

A

Anaphylaxis

82
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is anaphylaxis?

A

Type I (IgE mediated)

83
Q

What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Visceral edema
  • Hypotension (from widespread vasodilitation)
84
Q

Whats is anaphylaxis treated with?

A

epinephrine & corticosteroids

85
Q

What are some characteristics of poison ivy?

A
  • Extremely immunogenic
  • Catechol molecules (plant) + skin protein = Complex (allergen)
  • Follows the line of contact
  • You become hypersensitive to it the 2nd time you come into contact with it
86
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A
  • Colonization
  • Invasion
  • Multiplication
  • Spread
87
Q

Can an organism be both beneficial and pathogenic?

A
  • Normal one that was mutualistic can become pathogenic

OR

-An organism can be beneficial in one part of the body but pathogenic in another part of the body

OR

-An organism that is beneficial but the overgrowth or excessive production makes it pathogenic

88
Q

Where can opportunistic organisms be found?

A

All around us

89
Q

What are seven factors for infections?

A
  • Mechanism of action
  • infectivity
  • Pathogenicity
  • Virulence
  • Immunogenicity
  • Toxigenicity
  • Portal of entry
90
Q

What are two pathogen defense mechanisms?

A
  • Surface coats
  • Antigenic variation
91
Q

What are surface coats?

A

Inhibits phagocytosis, surface receptors to bind host cells, and toxins

92
Q

What are the two components of antigenic variation?

A
  • Mutataion (antigenic drift)
  • Recombination (antigenic shift)
93
Q

What is an example of bacterial virulence?

A

Bacteremia / Septicemia

94
Q

What is bacteremia or septicemia?

A

Presence of bacteria in the blood due to a failure of the body’s defense mechanism

95
Q

What does Ebola do?

A

Bleed from everywhere!

96
Q

What is a viral infection?

A

An obligate intracellular parasite

97
Q

What are obligate intracellular parasites?

A
  • Dependent on host cells
  • No metabolism or incapable of independent reproduction
  • Need permissive host cell
  • Usually self limiting (Unfortunately some will kill you, but some won’t)
98
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of infectious disease?

A
  • Variable depending on pathogen (directly caused by pathogen or indirectly caused by products)
  • Fever
99
Q

What are vaccines? What are five examples of vaccines?

A

Induction of long-lasting protective immune redponses that will not result in a disease in a healthy recipient

  • Attenuated organism
  • Killed organism
  • Recombinat viral protein
  • Bacterial antigens
  • Toxins
100
Q

What do pathogenic adaptions lead to?

A
  • Supression of immune response
  • Development of resistance
101
Q

What two factors cause drug resistance?

A

Antibiotic Overuse + Mutations

102
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A

An auto-immune disease that results in a deposition of cicrulating immune complexes.

103
Q

What can SLE result in?

A
  • Arhritis
  • Kidney disease
  • Thrombus / embolus
104
Q

What action of the mucus is a mechanical barrier of the immune system?

A

Ciliary action

105
Q

What is the function of a phagocyte?

A

Engulf/ ingest foreign particle

106
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Digestion/Destruction of foreign particle

107
Q

How is a foreign particle exported from the cell during phagocytosis?

A

Exocytosis

108
Q

In phagocytes, what is recognition enhanced by?

A

Complement, Ab

109
Q

Is a natural killer cell a specific or nonspecific line of the immune system?

A
  • Not bound to antigen - relatively nonspecific
110
Q

What is the mechanism of action of natural killer cells?

A

Not phagocytic. They punch holes in membranes

111
Q

What are the 4 stages of functions in complement antimicrobial proteins?

A
  1. Plasma protein is activated
  2. Enhances phagocytosis
  3. Causes inflammation
  4. Lyse cell membranes (just like NK Cells)
112
Q

What does TNF stand for?

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor

113
Q

What is Natural Passive immunity?

A

Antibodies transferred to a fetus through placenta or breast milk

114
Q

What is Acquired Passive Immunity?

A

Serum with antibodies (Ig) from immune persons injected/infused into patient (Antibodies that are injected to one human from another human)

115
Q

What are two examples of acquired active immunity?

A
  • Teatnus
  • Rabies
116
Q

What four things do phagoctyes do to a foreign particle?

A
  • Engulf it
  • Lysosome digests it
  • Exocytosis
  • Recognition enhanced by complement –> Antibody
117
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Specialized lymphocytes

118
Q

What do natural killer cells kill and what kind can they lyse?

A
  • Virally infected cells
  • Cancer cells
119
Q

What two pathways activate plasma proteins?

A

Classical or alternative

120
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Non-antibody proteins released by immune cell upon contact with antigen.

121
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
122
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A
  • Lymphocyte (T&B)
  • Monocytes
123
Q

What are two forms of natural passive immunity?

A
  • Antibody crosses placenta from mother to fetus
  • Also passed through breast milk
124
Q

What is acquired passive immunity?

A

Serum with antibodies (Ig) from immyne persons injected / infused into patient.

125
Q

What are two kinds of regulatory cells?

A
  • Helper T Cells (CD 4)
  • Suppressor T Cells
126
Q

What is delayed hypersenesitivity mediated by?

A

T lymphocye

127
Q

What is type I hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

IgE

128
Q

What is type II hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

Antibody

129
Q

What is type III hypersensitivity mediate by?

A

Immune-complex

130
Q

What is type IV hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

T-Cell (delayed)

131
Q

What three things might cause anaphylaxis?

A
  • Drugs
  • Insect venom
  • Foods
132
Q

On first contact with poison ivy, T-cells become what and how long does that take?

A
  • T memory cells
  • 7-10 days
133
Q

On second contct with poison ivy, T memory cells become what? How long does this take? What do these activate?

A
  • Many active cells
  • 1-2 days
  • Dermatitis
134
Q

What are eight classes of infectious microorganisms?

A
  • Virus
  • Chlamydia
  • Rickettsia
  • Mycoplasms
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths
135
Q

Bacteremia or septicemia is usually caused by what kind of bacteria?

A

Gram-negative

136
Q

In bacteremia or septicemia, toxins relased in the blood cause the release of what? What do they do?

A
  • vasoactive peptides and cytokines
  • produce widespread vasoldilation
137
Q

What does fever reset? What is it caused by?

A
  • Resetting hypothalamus
  • Endogenous pyrogens
138
Q

How does stress help cause disease?

A

A person experiences stress when demands exceed coping abilities, resulting in disturbances of cognition, emotion, and behavior that can affect well-being.

139
Q

What are three stages of general adaptation syndrome?

A
  • Alarm stage (arousal of body defenses - fight or flight)
  • Stage of resistance or adaptation
  • Stage of exhaustion
140
Q

Stress and disease may be related to what chronic inflammatory processes?

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Type II Diabetes
  • Some cancers
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
141
Q

SLE has a large variety of autoantibodies. What are they?

A
  • Antinuclear antibody
  • Anti-doublestranded DNA
  • Anti-Smith antibody

Pathology (10 decks)

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