Endocrine Lesson 11 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Is the endocrine system:
A. Compulsory
B. Intermediary
C. Regulatory
D. All the above
A
C. Regulatory
2
Q
Are the endocrine glands small and scattered or large and scattered?
A
Small and scattered
3
Q
What does the endocrine system secrete?
A
Hormones
4
Q
T/F The endocrine system is ductless.
A
True
5
Q
What are 4 functions of the endocrine system?
A
- Stimulation of sequential growth
- Coordination of reproductive system
- Maintenance of homeostasis
- Initiation of response to emergency demands
6
Q
What type of hormones are amines?
A
Epinephrine
7
Q
What is an example of a steroid hormone?
A
Estrogen
8
Q
What is an example of a peptide/polypeptide hormone?
A
Insulin
9
Q
What are the majority of hormones made up of?
A
Peptides and polypeptides
10
Q
What is TSH made up of:
- Glucose
- Glycogen
- Glucagon
- Glycoprotein
A
Glycoprotein
11
Q
Do hormones work like a lock and key system?
A
No- they can have multiple targets and can effect various receptors.
12
Q
What are the three mechanisms of hormone regulation?
A
- Secretion patterns
- Circadian or Diurnal
- Pulsatile and cyclic
- dependent on circulation substrate - Feedback system
- Excretion
13
Q
Can hormones be excreted by the kidney?
A
Yes (as well as metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidney)
14
Q
Low concentration of hormone increase the number of receptors per cell.
This is called?
A
Up regulation
15
Q
High concentration of hormone decrease the number of receptors.
This is called?
A
Down regulation
16
Q
What is a precursor to Diabetes Type I:
Up-regulation or Down-regulation?
A
Neither.
Down- regulation would be a precursor to Diabetes Type II
17
Q
What is an example of a cyclic hormonal regulation?
A
The menstrual cycle
18
Q
What are located in/on plasma membrane or in intracellular compartment on target cell?
A
Hormone receptors
19
Q
Cannot diffuse across _________ ________ and _______ molecular weight are characteristics of _______-______ hormones.
A
plasma membrane
High
Water-soluble
20
Q
__________-___________ hormones ________ diffuse across plasma membrane and bind to __________ or ___________ receptors
A
Lipid- soluble
easily
cystolic, nuclear
21
Q
Which messenger initiates the cascade of signal transduction?
A
The “First Messenger”
22
Q
What three things does the “second messenger” molecules do?
A
Activates:
- Calcium
- cAMP
- cGMP
23
Q
What is the binding of hormones affected by?
A
pH, temperature, ion concentration, some drugs
24
Q
What synthesizes protein and peptides?
A
Rough ER
25
Which hormones are water soluble and some are made by adrenals?
Amines
26
Which hormones are lipid soluble?
Steroid hormones
27
Where are hormones stored?
In vesicles (exocytosis)
28
What determines the concentration of hormones?
Rate of release vs. Degradation
| Half-life concept
29
Can interaction between hormones at target be synergistic and antagonistic?
Yes
30
Why are hormones released?
1. In response to alteration in cellular environment
| 2. To maintain a regulated level of certain substances or other hormones
31
The feedback system that hormones have are:
1. Positive feedback
2. Positive and Hyper-positive feedback
3. Negative feedback
4. 1 & 3
5. None of the above
1&3
32
Are hormones regulated by neural factors?
Yes- they are regulated by neural as well as chemical and hormonal
33
Hormone actions include:
1. Stimulate Meosis
2. Deactivate Protein or Enzyme Synthesis
3. Keep membrane intact
4. All the above
5. None of the above
None of the above-
Hormone action includes:
1. ALTER membrane permeability
2. STIMULATE protein or enzyme synthesis
3. ACTIVATE or DEACTIVATE enzymes
4. INDUCE secretory activity
5. stimulate MITOSIS
34
What does the hypothalamic-pituitary axis consist of?
The hypothalamus and pituitary
35
What does the pituitary gland consist of?
1. Anterior pituitary = Adenohypophysis
| 2. Posterior pituitary = Neurohypophysis
36
What is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
1. ADH
| 2. Oxytocin
37
Which hormone was formerly called Vasopressin?
ADH
38
Which hormone controls plasma osmolality?
ADH
39
Which hormone controls uterine contraction & milk ejection in lactating women?
Oxytocin
40
What is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
1. ACTH
2. MSH
3. GH
4. Prolactin
5. TSH
6. LH
7. FSH
8. B- endorphins
41
Which of the following are hypothalamic releasing hormones?
A. TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, PRF, Somatostatin
B. TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, PRH, Somatostatin
C. TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, PRF, MRH,Somatostatin
D. TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, PRF,ORH, Somatostatin
A.TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, PRF, Somatostatin
42
What has two lobes and an isthmus?
The thyroid gland
43
What is the first step in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
The uptake of iodine.
44
What is a major source of iodine?
Seafood
It is also added to salt, flour
45
What makes up thyroid hormones?
90% T4 and 10% T3
46
What does thyroid hormones bind to?
thyroxine binding globulin
thyroxine binding prealbumin
Albumin
47
What does thyroid hormones affect?
1. Growth and maturation of tissue
2. Cell metabolism
3. Heat production
4. Oxygen consumption
48
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Behind the upper and lower poles of the thyroid gland
49
What does the parathyroid produce?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
50
What increases serum calcium?
Parathyroid hormone
51
What stimulates the activation of Vitamin D?
PTH
52
Once Vitamin D is activated what does it do?
It increases absorption of calcium from intestines.
53
What are the adrenal glands made up of?
Adrenal cortex and medulla
54
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona reticularus
55
The adrenal medulla is innervated by:
1. Vagus nerves
2. Sympathetic system
3. Trigeminal nerve
4. Parasympathetic system
5. 1 & 3
6. 2 & 4
6. 2 & 4
56
What is the adrenal cortex stimulated by?
1. ACTH
2. ACPH
3. ACDH
4. ACSH
1. ACTH
57
Do glucocorticoid hormones have a direct or indirect affect on carbohydrate metabolism?
Direct
58
Do glucocorticoid hormones have an anti-inflammatory or inflammatory effect?
anti-inflammatory
59
Do glucocorticoid hormones have a growth suppressing or growth stimulating effect?
Growth-suppressing
60
Do glucocorticoid hormones increase or decrease blood glucose?
Increase
61
What is the most potent naturally occurring glucocorticoid?
Cortisol
62
What affects ion transport by epithelial cells?
Mineralocorticoid hormones
63
T/F Mineralocorticoid hormones cause sodium loss and potassium and hydrogen retention.
False.
Mineralocorticoid hormones cause sodium retention and potassium and hydrogen loss.
64
What is the most potent naturally occurring mineralocorticoid?
Aldosterone
65
What is aldosterone regulated by?
Renin-angiotensin system
66
T/F Estrogen secretion by the adrenal cortex is minimal.
T
67
T/F The adrenal cortex secretes potent androgens.
F
weak androgens
68
What are androgens converted to by peripheral tissues?
Testosterone
69
Where are chromaffin cells found?
Adrenal medulla
70
What secretes catecholamines, epinephrine(majority) and norepinephrine?
Chromaffin cells
71
Release of catecholamines is categorized as ?
Fight or flight
72
What do catecholamines promote?
Hyperglycemia
73
Does the stress response involve the immune system?
Yes
74
T/F The pancreas is an endocrine gland only.
F
| The pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine gland.
75
What does the pancreas produce?
glucagon, insulin- Endocrine
digestive enzymes- Exocrine
76
Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhan secrete glucagon which increases or decreases blood glucose?
increases
77
Beta cells of the islets of Langerhan secretes insulin which increases or decreases blood glucose?
decreases
78
Is insulin regulated by chemical, hormonal and neural mechanisms?
yes
79
What is insulin synthesized from?
proinsulin
80
What is insulin secretion promoted by?
increased blood glucose levels
81
What is a KEY component in maintaining normal cellular function in regards to insulin?
Sensitivity of the insulin receptor
82
What facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium?
Insulin
83
Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?
Anabolic
84
What is insulin's antagonist?
Glucagon
85
What 3 things does glucagon stimulate?
1. Glycogenolysis
2. Gluconeogenesis
3. Lipolysis
86
What control appetite?
Ghrelin
87
What are three tests that test endocrine function?
1. Hormone level
2. RIA- Radioimmunoassay
3. ELISA
88
What four things can cause elevated or depressed hormone levels signify?
1. Failure of feedback system
2. Dysfunction of endocrine gland
3. Altered hormone inactivation
4. Ectopic hormone release
89
Decrease # in receptors is a ________-__________ disorder.
receptor-associated
90
What are four receptor associated disorders?
1. Decrease in # of receptors
2. Impaired receptor function
3. Presence of antibodies against specific receptors
4. Antibodies that mimic hormone action
91
Inadequate synthesis of a second messenger (cAMP) is what type of disorder?
Intracellular
92
Failure of target cell to produce anticipated hormonal response is what type of disorder?
Intracellular
93
A 25 y.o. woman presents with rapid weight loss, moist skin and tremor- she most likely has?
Hyperthyroidism
94
Thyroxine Effects include:
1. Increase Basal Metabolic Rate, Increased O2 consumption, Increase Temperature, Increase Catecholamine responsiveness.
2. Decrease Basal Metabolic Rate, Increased O2 consumption, Increase Temperature, Increase Catecholamine responsiveness.
3. Increase Basal Metabolic Rate, Increased CO2 consumption, Increase Temperature, Increase Catecholamine responsiveness.
4. Increase Basal Metabolic Rate, Increased O2 consumption, Increase Temperature, Increase Catecholamine hyper-responsiveness.
1. Increase Basal Metabolic Rate, Increased O2 consumption, Increase Temperature, Increase Catecholamine responsiveness.
95
What is a primary alteration of thyroid function?
dysfunction or disease of thyroid gland
96
What is a secondary alteration of thyroid function?
alteration of pituitary TSH production
97
What are examples of primary alterations in thyroid function?
```
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism from nodular thyroid disease
Thyrotoxic crisis- storm
```
98
What are some possible manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
1. Elevated thyroxine levels
2. Goiter- excessive TSH
- exopthalmus
- weight loss
- intolerance to heat
- diarrhea
99
Is hypothyroidism a primary alteration of thyroid function?
Yes
100
What is the opposite of a thyroid storm?
Myxedema "coma"
101
Is thyroid carcinoma an indication of hyper or hypo- thyroidism?
hypo
102
What causes hypothyroidism?
Gland failure
| Inadequate iodine
103
With hypothyroidism would there be a hyper or hypo metabolism?
hypo- reduced metabolism
104
Is constipation found in hypo or hyper- thyroidism?
Hypo
105
What are 85% of primary hyperparathyroidisms caused from?
Parathyroid adenomas
106
Can a dietary deficiency in Vitamin D cause a primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Secondary
107
What are three clinical signs of primary hyperparathyroidisms?
1. Hypercalciuria
2. Alkaline Uria
3. Hyperphosphaturia
108
What is the inverse relationship that occurs with hypoparathyroidism?
Depressed serum calcium levels and Increased serum phosphate levels
109
What are two clinical signs of hypoparathyroidism?
1. Hypocalcemia
| 2. Phosphate retention
110
What is SIADH?
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
111
To diagnose SIADH what must be at normal function?
Normal adrenal and thyroid function must exist
112
Would fluids be allowed or forbidden to a patient with SIADH?
forbidden
113
What cancers is SIADH associated with?
Lung and pancreatic cancer
114
Is SIADH a posterior or anterior pituitary disorder?
posterior
115
Is Diabetes insipidus a posterior or anterior pituitary disease?
posterior
116
Insufficient amounts of ADH is a ___________ problem with Diabetes insipidus.
neurogenic
117
Inadequate response to ADH is a ___________ problem with Diabetes insipidus.
nephrogenic
118
Which type of Diabetes requires synthetic ADH?
Diabetes insipidus
119
Why is the pituitary vulnerable to ischemia and infarction:
A. Because it is malleable
B. Because it is vascular
C. Because of its high lipid content
D. Because of its location
B. Because it is vascular
120
What would panhypopituitarism cause?
All the hormones are deficient
| -ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH deficiency
121
Head ache, fatigue and visual changes are all symptoms of:
1. Acromegaly
2. Sheehan syndrome
3. Hyperpituitarism
4. Hypopituitarism
3. Hyperpituitarism
122
Acromegaly is hypersecretion of GH during:
1. infanthood
2. teen years
3. adulthood
4. throughout life
3. Adulthood
123
Gigantism is hypersecretion of GH during:
1. childhood
2. teen years
3. adulthood
4. throughout life
5. 1&2
6. All the above
5. 1&2- childhood and teen years
124
Is kyphosis a manifestation of Acromegaly?
Yes
125
Is there overall edema with Acromegaly?
No- generally just the extremities- head, hands, feet
126
Can hypersecretion of prolactin occur in men, and if yes, what can it cause?
Yes-
hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, impaired libido, oligospermia, diminished ejaculatory volume
127
What does Glucagon do?
It increases the blood glucose
128
What does Insulin do?
1. It decreases blood glucose
2. decreases gluconeogenesis
3. decreases glycogenolysis
4. increases lipogenesis
129
Which type of Diabetes in Insulin dependent?
Type I
130
What type of cells are lost with Type 1 Diabetes?
Beta cells and therefore they are insulin dependent
131
Do both Type 1 and Type 2 have genetic and environmental factors or just Type 1?
Both do
132
What are some clinical manifestations of Type 1 Diabetes?
1. Hyperglycemia
2. Polydipsia
3. Polyuria
4. Polyphagia
5. Weight loss
6. Fatigue
133
Are there medication options for Type II Diabetes?
Yes
134
What is the Dawn phenomena?
Early morning glucose elevation without nocturnal hypoglycemia. It is related to nocturnal growth hormone elevation.
This is an acute complication of Diabetes Mellitus
135
With hyperglycemia and the polyol pathway in Chronic complications of Diabetes Mellitus, what can sorbitol and fructose do?
Increase intracellular osmotic pressure
136
What is the most common cause of death in a person with Type II Diabetes?
Macrovascular disease- specifically Coronary Artery Disease
137
What are two examples of microvascular disease?
1. Retinopathy
| 2. Diabetic nephropathy
138
```
Is Addison's Disease:
A. Hypocortisolism
B. Hypercortisolism
C. Hypoaldosterism
D. Hyperaldosterism
```
A. Hypocortisolism
139
Pheochromocytoma is a derived from?
The chromaffin cells of the Adrenal Medulla
140
What happens to the Thyroid gland as a person ages:
1. It disappears
2. It becomes more nodular
3. It atrophies
4. It decreases cortisol clearance
5. 1&4
6. 2&3
7. All the above
6. 2&3
