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Pathology > Endocrine Lesson 11 > Flashcards

Endocrine Lesson 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the endocrine system:

A. Compulsory

B. Intermediary

C. Regulatory

D. All the above

A

C. Regulatory

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2
Q

Are the endocrine glands small and scattered or large and scattered?

A

Small and scattered

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system secrete?

A

Hormones

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4
Q

T/F The endocrine system is ductless.

A

True

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5
Q

What are 4 functions of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Stimulation of sequential growth
  2. Coordination of reproductive system
  3. Maintenance of homeostasis
  4. Initiation of response to emergency demands
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6
Q

What type of hormones are amines?

A

Epinephrine

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7
Q

What is an example of a steroid hormone?

A

Estrogen

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8
Q

What is an example of a peptide/polypeptide hormone?

A

Insulin

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9
Q

What are the majority of hormones made up of?

A

Peptides and polypeptides

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10
Q

What is TSH made up of:

  1. Glucose
  2. Glycogen
  3. Glucagon
  4. Glycoprotein
A

Glycoprotein

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11
Q

Do hormones work like a lock and key system?

A

No- they can have multiple targets and can effect various receptors.

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12
Q

What are the three mechanisms of hormone regulation?

A
  1. Secretion patterns
    - Circadian or Diurnal
    - Pulsatile and cyclic
    - dependent on circulation substrate
  2. Feedback system
  3. Excretion
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13
Q

Can hormones be excreted by the kidney?

A

Yes (as well as metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidney)

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14
Q

Low concentration of hormone increase the number of receptors per cell.

This is called?

A

Up regulation

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15
Q

High concentration of hormone decrease the number of receptors.

This is called?

A

Down regulation

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16
Q

What is a precursor to Diabetes Type I:

Up-regulation or Down-regulation?

A

Neither.

Down- regulation would be a precursor to Diabetes Type II

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17
Q

What is an example of a cyclic hormonal regulation?

A

The menstrual cycle

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18
Q

What are located in/on plasma membrane or in intracellular compartment on target cell?

A

Hormone receptors

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19
Q

Cannot diffuse across _________ ________ and _______ molecular weight are characteristics of _______-______ hormones.

A

plasma membrane
High
Water-soluble

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20
Q

__________-___________ hormones ________ diffuse across plasma membrane and bind to __________ or ___________ receptors

A

Lipid- soluble
easily
cystolic, nuclear

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21
Q

Which messenger initiates the cascade of signal transduction?

A

The “First Messenger”

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22
Q

What three things does the “second messenger” molecules do?

A

Activates:

  1. Calcium
  2. cAMP
  3. cGMP
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23
Q

What is the binding of hormones affected by?

A

pH, temperature, ion concentration, some drugs

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24
Q

What synthesizes protein and peptides?

A

Rough ER

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25
Q

Which hormones are water soluble and some are made by adrenals?

A

Amines

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26
Q

Which hormones are lipid soluble?

A

Steroid hormones

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27
Q

Where are hormones stored?

A

In vesicles (exocytosis)

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28
Q

What determines the concentration of hormones?

A

Rate of release vs. Degradation

Half-life concept

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29
Q

Can interaction between hormones at target be synergistic and antagonistic?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Why are hormones released?

A
  1. In response to alteration in cellular environment

2. To maintain a regulated level of certain substances or other hormones

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31
Q

The feedback system that hormones have are:

  1. Positive feedback
  2. Positive and Hyper-positive feedback
  3. Negative feedback
  4. 1 & 3
  5. None of the above
A

1&3

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32
Q

Are hormones regulated by neural factors?

A

Yes- they are regulated by neural as well as chemical and hormonal

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33
Q

Hormone actions include:

  1. Stimulate Meosis
  2. Deactivate Protein or Enzyme Synthesis
  3. Keep membrane intact
  4. All the above
  5. None of the above
A

None of the above-

Hormone action includes:

  1. ALTER membrane permeability
  2. STIMULATE protein or enzyme synthesis
  3. ACTIVATE or DEACTIVATE enzymes
  4. INDUCE secretory activity
  5. stimulate MITOSIS
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34
Q

What does the hypothalamic-pituitary axis consist of?

A

The hypothalamus and pituitary

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35
Q

What does the pituitary gland consist of?

A
  1. Anterior pituitary = Adenohypophysis

2. Posterior pituitary = Neurohypophysis

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36
Q

What is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. ADH

2. Oxytocin

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37
Q

Which hormone was formerly called Vasopressin?

A

ADH

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38
Q

Which hormone controls plasma osmolality?

A

ADH

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39
Q

Which hormone controls uterine contraction & milk ejection in lactating women?

A

Oxytocin

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40
Q

What is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. ACTH
  2. MSH
  3. GH
  4. Prolactin
  5. TSH
  6. LH
  7. FSH
  8. B- endorphins
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41
Q

Which of the following are hypothalamic releasing hormones?

A. TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, PRF, Somatostatin
B. TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, PRH, Somatostatin
C. TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, PRF, MRH,Somatostatin
D. TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, PRF,ORH, Somatostatin

A

A.TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, PRF, Somatostatin

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42
Q

What has two lobes and an isthmus?

A

The thyroid gland

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43
Q

What is the first step in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

A

The uptake of iodine.

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44
Q

What is a major source of iodine?

A

Seafood

It is also added to salt, flour

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45
Q

What makes up thyroid hormones?

A

90% T4 and 10% T3

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46
Q

What does thyroid hormones bind to?

A

thyroxine binding globulin
thyroxine binding prealbumin
Albumin

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47
Q

What does thyroid hormones affect?

A
  1. Growth and maturation of tissue
  2. Cell metabolism
  3. Heat production
  4. Oxygen consumption
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48
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Behind the upper and lower poles of the thyroid gland

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49
Q

What does the parathyroid produce?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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50
Q

What increases serum calcium?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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51
Q

What stimulates the activation of Vitamin D?

A

PTH

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52
Q

Once Vitamin D is activated what does it do?

A

It increases absorption of calcium from intestines.

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53
Q

What are the adrenal glands made up of?

A

Adrenal cortex and medulla

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54
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularus
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55
Q

The adrenal medulla is innervated by:

  1. Vagus nerves
  2. Sympathetic system
  3. Trigeminal nerve
  4. Parasympathetic system
  5. 1 & 3
  6. 2 & 4
A
  1. 2 & 4
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56
Q

What is the adrenal cortex stimulated by?

  1. ACTH
  2. ACPH
  3. ACDH
  4. ACSH
A
  1. ACTH
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57
Q

Do glucocorticoid hormones have a direct or indirect affect on carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Direct

58
Q

Do glucocorticoid hormones have an anti-inflammatory or inflammatory effect?

A

anti-inflammatory

59
Q

Do glucocorticoid hormones have a growth suppressing or growth stimulating effect?

A

Growth-suppressing

60
Q

Do glucocorticoid hormones increase or decrease blood glucose?

A

Increase

61
Q

What is the most potent naturally occurring glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

62
Q

What affects ion transport by epithelial cells?

A

Mineralocorticoid hormones

63
Q

T/F Mineralocorticoid hormones cause sodium loss and potassium and hydrogen retention.

A

False.

Mineralocorticoid hormones cause sodium retention and potassium and hydrogen loss.

64
Q

What is the most potent naturally occurring mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

65
Q

What is aldosterone regulated by?

A

Renin-angiotensin system

66
Q

T/F Estrogen secretion by the adrenal cortex is minimal.

A

T

67
Q

T/F The adrenal cortex secretes potent androgens.

A

F

weak androgens

68
Q

What are androgens converted to by peripheral tissues?

A

Testosterone

69
Q

Where are chromaffin cells found?

A

Adrenal medulla

70
Q

What secretes catecholamines, epinephrine(majority) and norepinephrine?

A

Chromaffin cells

71
Q

Release of catecholamines is categorized as ?

A

Fight or flight

72
Q

What do catecholamines promote?

A

Hyperglycemia

73
Q

Does the stress response involve the immune system?

A

Yes

74
Q

T/F The pancreas is an endocrine gland only.

A

F

The pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine gland.

75
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

glucagon, insulin- Endocrine

digestive enzymes- Exocrine

76
Q

Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhan secrete glucagon which increases or decreases blood glucose?

A

increases

77
Q

Beta cells of the islets of Langerhan secretes insulin which increases or decreases blood glucose?

A

decreases

78
Q

Is insulin regulated by chemical, hormonal and neural mechanisms?

A

yes

79
Q

What is insulin synthesized from?

A

proinsulin

80
Q

What is insulin secretion promoted by?

A

increased blood glucose levels

81
Q

What is a KEY component in maintaining normal cellular function in regards to insulin?

A

Sensitivity of the insulin receptor

82
Q

What facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium?

A

Insulin

83
Q

Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic

84
Q

What is insulin’s antagonist?

A

Glucagon

85
Q

What 3 things does glucagon stimulate?

A
  1. Glycogenolysis
  2. Gluconeogenesis
  3. Lipolysis
86
Q

What control appetite?

A

Ghrelin

87
Q

What are three tests that test endocrine function?

A
  1. Hormone level
  2. RIA- Radioimmunoassay
  3. ELISA
88
Q

What four things can cause elevated or depressed hormone levels signify?

A
  1. Failure of feedback system
  2. Dysfunction of endocrine gland
  3. Altered hormone inactivation
  4. Ectopic hormone release
89
Q

Decrease # in receptors is a ________-__________ disorder.

A

receptor-associated

90
Q

What are four receptor associated disorders?

A
  1. Decrease in # of receptors
  2. Impaired receptor function
  3. Presence of antibodies against specific receptors
  4. Antibodies that mimic hormone action
91
Q

Inadequate synthesis of a second messenger (cAMP) is what type of disorder?

A

Intracellular

92
Q

Failure of target cell to produce anticipated hormonal response is what type of disorder?

A

Intracellular

93
Q

A 25 y.o. woman presents with rapid weight loss, moist skin and tremor- she most likely has?

A

Hyperthyroidism

94
Q

Thyroxine Effects include:

  1. Increase Basal Metabolic Rate, Increased O2 consumption, Increase Temperature, Increase Catecholamine responsiveness.
  2. Decrease Basal Metabolic Rate, Increased O2 consumption, Increase Temperature, Increase Catecholamine responsiveness.
  3. Increase Basal Metabolic Rate, Increased CO2 consumption, Increase Temperature, Increase Catecholamine responsiveness.
  4. Increase Basal Metabolic Rate, Increased O2 consumption, Increase Temperature, Increase Catecholamine hyper-responsiveness.
A
  1. Increase Basal Metabolic Rate, Increased O2 consumption, Increase Temperature, Increase Catecholamine responsiveness.
95
Q

What is a primary alteration of thyroid function?

A

dysfunction or disease of thyroid gland

96
Q

What is a secondary alteration of thyroid function?

A

alteration of pituitary TSH production

97
Q

What are examples of primary alterations in thyroid function?

A 
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism from nodular thyroid disease
Thyrotoxic crisis- storm
98
Q

What are some possible manifestations of hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Elevated thyroxine levels
  2. Goiter- excessive TSH
    - exopthalmus
    - weight loss
    - intolerance to heat
    - diarrhea
99
Q

Is hypothyroidism a primary alteration of thyroid function?

A

Yes

100
Q

What is the opposite of a thyroid storm?

A

Myxedema “coma”

101
Q

Is thyroid carcinoma an indication of hyper or hypo- thyroidism?

A

hypo

102
Q

What causes hypothyroidism?

A

Gland failure

Inadequate iodine

103
Q

With hypothyroidism would there be a hyper or hypo metabolism?

A

hypo- reduced metabolism

104
Q

Is constipation found in hypo or hyper- thyroidism?

A

Hypo

105
Q

What are 85% of primary hyperparathyroidisms caused from?

A

Parathyroid adenomas

106
Q

Can a dietary deficiency in Vitamin D cause a primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Secondary

107
Q

What are three clinical signs of primary hyperparathyroidisms?

A
  1. Hypercalciuria
  2. Alkaline Uria
  3. Hyperphosphaturia
108
Q

What is the inverse relationship that occurs with hypoparathyroidism?

A

Depressed serum calcium levels and Increased serum phosphate levels

109
Q

What are two clinical signs of hypoparathyroidism?

A
  1. Hypocalcemia

2. Phosphate retention

110
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

111
Q

To diagnose SIADH what must be at normal function?

A

Normal adrenal and thyroid function must exist

112
Q

Would fluids be allowed or forbidden to a patient with SIADH?

A

forbidden

113
Q

What cancers is SIADH associated with?

A

Lung and pancreatic cancer

114
Q

Is SIADH a posterior or anterior pituitary disorder?

A

posterior

115
Q

Is Diabetes insipidus a posterior or anterior pituitary disease?

A

posterior

116
Q

Insufficient amounts of ADH is a ___________ problem with Diabetes insipidus.

A

neurogenic

117
Q

Inadequate response to ADH is a ___________ problem with Diabetes insipidus.

A

nephrogenic

118
Q

Which type of Diabetes requires synthetic ADH?

A

Diabetes insipidus

119
Q

Why is the pituitary vulnerable to ischemia and infarction:

A. Because it is malleable

B. Because it is vascular

C. Because of its high lipid content

D. Because of its location

A

B. Because it is vascular

120
Q

What would panhypopituitarism cause?

A

All the hormones are deficient

-ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH deficiency

121
Q

Head ache, fatigue and visual changes are all symptoms of:

  1. Acromegaly
  2. Sheehan syndrome
  3. Hyperpituitarism
  4. Hypopituitarism
A
  1. Hyperpituitarism
122
Q

Acromegaly is hypersecretion of GH during:

  1. infanthood
  2. teen years
  3. adulthood
  4. throughout life
A
  1. Adulthood
123
Q

Gigantism is hypersecretion of GH during:

  1. childhood
  2. teen years
  3. adulthood
  4. throughout life
  5. 1&2
  6. All the above
A
  1. 1&2- childhood and teen years
124
Q

Is kyphosis a manifestation of Acromegaly?

A

Yes

125
Q

Is there overall edema with Acromegaly?

A

No- generally just the extremities- head, hands, feet

126
Q

Can hypersecretion of prolactin occur in men, and if yes, what can it cause?

A

Yes-

hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, impaired libido, oligospermia, diminished ejaculatory volume

127
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

It increases the blood glucose

128
Q

What does Insulin do?

A
  1. It decreases blood glucose
  2. decreases gluconeogenesis
  3. decreases glycogenolysis
  4. increases lipogenesis
129
Q

Which type of Diabetes in Insulin dependent?

A

Type I

130
Q

What type of cells are lost with Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Beta cells and therefore they are insulin dependent

131
Q

Do both Type 1 and Type 2 have genetic and environmental factors or just Type 1?

A

Both do

132
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Type 1 Diabetes?

A
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Polydipsia
  3. Polyuria
  4. Polyphagia
  5. Weight loss
  6. Fatigue
133
Q

Are there medication options for Type II Diabetes?

A

Yes

134
Q

What is the Dawn phenomena?

A

Early morning glucose elevation without nocturnal hypoglycemia. It is related to nocturnal growth hormone elevation.

This is an acute complication of Diabetes Mellitus

135
Q

With hyperglycemia and the polyol pathway in Chronic complications of Diabetes Mellitus, what can sorbitol and fructose do?

A

Increase intracellular osmotic pressure

136
Q

What is the most common cause of death in a person with Type II Diabetes?

A

Macrovascular disease- specifically Coronary Artery Disease

137
Q

What are two examples of microvascular disease?

A
  1. Retinopathy

2. Diabetic nephropathy

138
Q 
Is Addison's Disease:
A. Hypocortisolism
B. Hypercortisolism
C. Hypoaldosterism
D. Hyperaldosterism
A

A. Hypocortisolism

139
Q

Pheochromocytoma is a derived from?

A

The chromaffin cells of the Adrenal Medulla

140
Q

What happens to the Thyroid gland as a person ages:

  1. It disappears
  2. It becomes more nodular
  3. It atrophies
  4. It decreases cortisol clearance
  5. 1&4
  6. 2&3
  7. All the above
A
  1. 2&3

Pathology (10 decks)

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