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Pathology Lesson 3 Flashcards

2
Q

Where does efferent transmission go?

A

effectors (muscles and glands)

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3
Q

How many trigger zone does multi polar neuron have?

A

1

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4
Q

What is the function of axons?

A

Conduct nerve impulse away from cell body

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

A

Astrocyte
Microglial Cell
Ependymal Cell
Oligodendrocyte

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6
Q

How do astrocytes support?

A

Bracing and anchoring

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7
Q

Where are ependymal cells located?

A

Near cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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8
Q

What is not stored in the brain?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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9
Q

What opens a chemically gated channel?

A

Specific neurotransmitters

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10
Q

What do mechanical channels respond to?

A

Pressure

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11
Q

What does direction does the graded potential spread?

A

Both directions

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12
Q

What happens to Na+ during depolarization?

A

Na+ floods the cell

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13
Q

What happens to K+ during repolarization?

A

K+ leaves the cell

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14
Q

Why does the relative refractory occur?

A

Because K+ ion channels are open and additional K+ leaves the cell

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15
Q

In saltatory conduction where is action potential happen?

A

Node of Ranvier Only

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16
Q

What are the 3 functions of synapses?

A

Excitatory, Inhibitory or both

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical synapses?

A

Axodenritic
Axoaxonic
Axosomatic

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18
Q

Where is the site for epidural anesthesia?

A

Epidural space

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19
Q

If a patient has a subdural bleed, between what layers is the blood found?

A

Under the dura mater above the arachnoid mater

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20
Q

What is the dura mater composed of?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

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21
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture drawn from?

A

Subarachnoid space

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22
Q

What are perceptual thresholds modulated by?

A

CNS

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23
Q

What are hair cells in the inner ear called?

A

Organ of Corti

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24
Q

What are the components of a neurological examination?

A
  • Mental status
  • Cranial nerves (12 cranial nerves)
  • Cerebellar (Coordinated movement)
  • Reflexes
  • Motor (How a person moves)
  • Sensory (Temperature sensation)
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25
Q

What are certain characteristics of neurons?

A
  • Excitable
  • Generate and conduct nerve impulses
  • Cell bodies with Nissl substances (similar to ER)
  • Amitotic (don’t divide)
  • Dendrites (receive signals)
  • Axon (sends signals)
  • Neurilemma/Axolemma (Membrane of the neuron/axon)
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26
Q

Where are the receptors located in the eye?

A

Back of the retina

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27
Q

What is a way you can have loss of consciousness?

A
  • Cardiac dysrhythmia

- Vasovagal (Stimulation of vagus nerve)

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28
Q

What are the different functions of neurons?

A
  • Afferent (Sensory)
  • Efferent (Motor)
  • Interneurons (Connecting Neurons)
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29
Q

What is Grey Matter

A

Bundles of neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons in brain and spinal cord

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30
Q

What is White Matter

A

Bundles of myelinated axons in brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of neuron structure?

A
  • Multipolar (most common)
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar
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32
Q

What are the types of supporting cells?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglial cell
  • Ependymal cell
  • Oligodendrocyte
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33
Q

What are the components of Saltatory conduction?

A
  • Myelinated fibers

- AP only occurs at Node of Ranviere only

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34
Q

During the depolarization period, an impulse opens the voltage gated channel what happens to Na+ and K+?

A

Na+ and K+ goes in.

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35
Q

What are the two types of modes of conduction in a nerve?

A
  • Continuous

- Saltatory

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36
Q

What are two methods of a synapse?

A
  • Electrical (Gap junctions, not common, simple)

- Chemical (Neurotransmitters, no current flow)

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37
Q

What are the types of chemical messengers/neurotransmitters?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Biogenic Amines
  • Amino Acids
  • Neuropeptides
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38
Q

What are the classes of biogenic amines?

A
  • Catecholamines

- Indolamines

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39
Q

What types of receptors might be stimulated with ACh?

A

Muscarinic (e.g. parasympathomimetic)

Nicotinic (e.g excitatory at skeletal muscle)

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40
Q

What are the types of Catecholamines?

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Dopamine
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41
Q

What are the types of Indolamines?

A
  • Serotonin

- Histamine

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42
Q

What are the two classes of peptides?

A
  • Neuropeptides

- Gut-brain peptides

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43
Q

What are some types of amino acids?

A
  • GABA
  • Gamma-Aminobuytric Acid
  • Aspartate
  • Glycine
  • Glutamate
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44
Q

What is indirect neurotransmission? What is the effect?

A

Uses Second Messenger Molecules: Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, or Calcium

  • G-Protein Mechanisms
  • Has broader, long-lasting Effects
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45
Q

What are the components of neuropeptides?

A
  • Substance P

- Endorphins

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46
Q

What are two different kinds of postsynaptic potentials?

A
  • Excitatory (Na+)

- Inhibitory (Cl-)

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47
Q

What are the kinds of summation?

A
  • Subthreshold (no summation)
  • Spatial summation
  • Temporal summation
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48
Q

What are the types of presynaptic integration?

A
  • Presynaptic inhibition
  • Presynaptic facilitation
    (Hole at the bottom of a bucket, how fast it gets filled vs. how fast it leaks)
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49
Q

What are the two types of motor function?

A
  • Autonomic

- Somatic

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50
Q

What are the classifications of the Autonomic Division?

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

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51
Q

What are the three types of movement classified under in the Somatic division?

A
  • Voluntary Movement
  • Rhythmic Movement (Coordination)
  • Reflex Movement
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52
Q

What is Agnosia?

A

Impairments in comprehending or recognizing certain stimuli despite intact sensation (auditory/visual)

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53
Q

What is Astereognosis?

A

Inability to recognize objects placed in hand

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54
Q

How old are the nerve cells in a person that is 100 years old?

A

Nerve cells have longevity therefore the nerve cells are 100 years old.

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55
Q

What are Tracts?

A

Collection of dendrites and/or axons inside CNS

56
Q

What are Nerves?

A

Collection of dendrites and/or axons outside the CNS

57
Q

What is the difference between upper and lower motor neuron disease?

A

UPPER: Group of muscles are affected, Hypertonic, Hyperreflexic, Slight Atrophy, No Fasiculations (no quivering of muscles)
LOWER: Individual Muscle is affected, Hypotonic (no tone/contraction), Hyporeflexic (no reflex), Atrophy, Fasiculations

58
Q

What is the difference between nuclei and ganglia?

A

Collection of cell bodies inside CNS (Nuclei) vs. outside CNS (Ganglia)

59
Q

What are Perkinje cells?

A

The shape of multipotent neurons in the cerebellum.

60
Q

What is the function of Dendrites?

A

Conduct nerve impulse toward cell body

61
Q

What supporting cell is star shaped, functions as support and signaling.

A

Astrocytes

62
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A
  • Pia
  • Arachnoid
  • Dura
63
Q

What is a nerve comprised of?

A

Multiple Neurons

64
Q

What are different types of reflexes? (10)

A 
Muscle 
Spindles 
Golgi 
Organs
Tendon 
Stretch
Crossed 
Flexor
Extensor 
Superficial
65
Q

What supporting cell is ovoid, functions as macrophage-type?

A

Microglial cell

66
Q

What supporting cell is ciliated, functions to line Cerebralspinal fluid (CSF) cavities?

A

Ependymal cell

67
Q

What are the different kinds of receptors? What do they function in?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors (Pressure)
  • Thermoreceptors (Temperature)
  • Photoreceptors (Light)
  • Chemoreceptors (Chemicals)
  • Nociceptors (Pain)
68
Q

What is the function of the dorsal area and ventral area of the spinal cord?

A 
dorSal = Sensory 
venTral = moTor
69
Q

What supporting cell wraps around myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocyte (keeps neurons separated so you don’t have “cross talk” - unwanted and inappropriate communication between nerves)

70
Q

What are the types of Transductions?

A
  • Smell Transduction
  • Taste Transduction
  • Light Transduction
  • Sound Transduction
  • Gravity, Linear Acceleration Transduction
  • Rotation Transduction
71
Q

Is it better to have a nerve crushed or cut?

A

Crushed bc neural tube is still in tact. If a tube is cut even with regeneration it will never be back to normal.

72
Q

What are special senses?

A
  • Chemical Senses (Taste & Smell)
  • Vision
  • Hearing and Balance
73
Q

What percent of resting cardiac output is designated to the brain?

74
Q

Guns and toilets both have a lag called?

A

Refractory period(Can’t flush the toilet until it fills up with water)

75
Q

What are the 4 types of taste?

A
  • Sweet
  • Sour
  • Salty
  • Umami
76
Q

What are the 2 layers of the retina?

A
  • Pigmented Layer

- Neural Layer

77
Q

How does the brain maintain metabolic requirements?

A

No oxygen storage
No storage of glucose
Needs a continuous supply of blood

78
Q

What are the 3 sublayers of the Neural layer?

A
  • Ganglion Cell Layer
  • Bipolar Cell Layer
  • Photoreceptor Layer
79
Q

What are the characteristics of rods?

A
  • 120 Million / Eye
  • Low Light, Detect Shades of Grey
  • Several Rods –> One Ganglion Cell
80
Q

What are the 2 components of photoreceptors?

A
  • Rods

- Cones

81
Q

What is the role of the chemically gated channels?

A

Regulates the movement of Na+ and K+

82
Q

What are the characteristics of visual pigments?

A
  • Contained in Discs
  • Are Integral Membrane Proteins
  • Change Chemically Upon Light Exposure
  • Consist of Retinal And Opsins
83
Q

What is the role of the voltage gated channels?

A

The change in charge allows the movement of Na+ and K+

84
Q

The effect of the neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell depends on what?

A

The receptor, not the neurotransmitter.

85
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

Stimulus applied to nerve creates short local stimulus and decremental (decreases) as it gets further.

86
Q

What is the resting potential of nerve cells similar to?

A

It is similar to the resting potential of a muscle cell.

87
Q

What is a relative refractory period?

A

The after-hyperpolarization (undershoot) and return to resting membrane potential. K+ channels are slow to close and additional K+ leaves the cell.

88
Q

What are the proteins that have high osmotic pressure?

89
Q

What is the sequence of neuron action potential?

A

Resting –> Depolarization –> Repolarization –> Hyperpolarization

90
Q

What is an absolute refractory period?

A

The depolarization of the membrane potential (Na+ enters) that leads to an action potential which results in the repolarization (K+ leaves) of the membrane potential.

91
Q

What does the synapse permit?

A

Permits grading and adjustment necessary for Complex Neural Control

92
Q

What is one of the biggest nerves in your body?

A

Sciatic nerve

93
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Junction nerve impulse passes across

94
Q

Where is ACh found?

A

Neuromuscular Junction, Autonomic System and Brain

95
Q

A signal that takes the membrane towards (closer) to the threshold is classified as what type of postsynaptic potential?

A

Excitatory: Sodium channels –> Closer to threshold

96
Q

Where are neuron cell bodies that are within the CNS located?

A

Grey matter

97
Q

A signal that takes the membrane away from the threshold is classified as what type of postsynaptic potential?

A

Inhibitory: Chloride channels –> Away from Threshold

98
Q

What are Ganglia?

A

Clusters of nuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

99
Q

What are Pre-ganglionic Cell Bodies?

A

Neuron cell bodies inside CNS

100
Q

What is the function of ganglia?

A

Serve as synapse station for ANS

101
Q

What are Post-ganglionic Cell Bodies?

A

Neuron cell bodies outside CNS

102
Q

What are Pre-ganglionic Axons?

A

Axonal fibers inside CNS

103
Q

What are Post-ganglionic Axons?

A

Axonal fibers outside CNS

104
Q

Where do post ganglion axon terminates?

A

Post-ganglionic axon terminiates at end target cell/organ/tissue

105
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Rhythmic movement (Coordination) / Gross movement

106
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellar?

A

Balance and coordination

107
Q

What are the functions of Corticospinal tract?

A

Pyramidal tract (Cross over of spinal tracts)

108
Q

What is the process of a motor pathway?

A

Upper Motor Neuron –> Synapse in Brainstem or Spinal Cord–> Lower Motor Neurons -> Neuromuscular Junction

109
Q

What is the purpose of the Homunculus

A

To understand the amount of real estate our brain advocates to the body.

110
Q

What is it called if the effect of the lesion and the lesion are on the same side?

A

Ipsolateral

111
Q

What is called if the effect of the lesion and the lesion are on the opposite side?

A

Contralateral

112
Q

How many meninges of the brain are there?

113
Q

What are meninges?

A

Sensitive coverings of the spinal cord and brain

114
Q

What is the meninx closest to the brain?

115
Q

What are skeletal muscle reflexes?

A

Rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus.

116
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Knowing your place in space. (Close your eyes while I move your finger. Is it moving up or down?)

117
Q

What is the function of dermatomal matter?

A

Skin correspondance to nerve roots

118
Q

What is transduction?

A

Process by which any stimulus energy is converted to nerve impulse (graded potential).

119
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A 
"Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vagina And Hymen"
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducent
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharangeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
120
Q

What % of taste is smell?

121
Q

What are the characteristics of cones?

A
  • 3 Million / Eye- Color Vision, Fine Discrimination- One Cone -> One Ganglion Cell
122
Q

What is vertigo?

A

The sensation of spinning. Not to be confused with dizziness, lightheadedness or imbalance.

123
Q

What is cerebral hemodynamics?

124
Q

MAP

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

125
Q

What is the MAP Range when someone suffers from a cerebral hemodynamics?

126
Q

What is the formula to calculate the MAP?

A

MAP = (SBP + 2DBP) / 3

127
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Neuroglia create impermeability to large and potentially harmful molecules

128
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A

Visual impairment

129
Q

Where is action potential propogated?

A

Axon hillock

130
Q

What is the myelin mostly composed of?

131
Q

What are interneurons?

A

In the spinal cord, they connect the motor and sensory neurons.

132
Q

What is the difference between white matter and grey matter?

A

White matter is myelinated, axons and dendrites

Grey matter is unmyelinated, cell bodies and unmyelinated axons.

133
Q

Where is myelin located?

A

White matter - bundles of axons myelinated in brain and spinal cord.

134
Q

What are the spaces between two schwann cells?

A

Nodes of Ranviere

Pathology (10 decks)

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