Pathology Lesson 1 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What is Pathophysiology?
A
The study of the functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that have been altered by disease and/or injury –or– the physiology of disordered function
2
Q
What factors contribute to the etiology of a disease?
A
- Risk Factors
- Congenital Conditions
- Acquired Defects
3
Q
What is sequela?
A
An after-effect of a disease, condition or injury
4
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
Maintenance of a stable internal environment – a dynamic state of equilibrium
5
Q
What are the two types of control systems that maintain homeostasis?
A
Fast control system Nervous system
Slow control system Endocrine system
6
Q
What are the three phases of homeostatic regulation?
A
- Receptor: Senses environmental stimulus
- Control Center: Receives and processes
- Effector: Responds (Opposes or reinforces the stimulus)
7
Q
Define Physiology
A
The study of the body and how it functions.
8
Q
Name 6 parts of pathophysiology? What sciences does pathophysiology consist of?
A
- Epidemiology - Biochemistry
- Pathology - Anatomy
- Genetics - Immunology
9
Q
What kind of a bridge does pathophysiology create?
A
A bridge between nonclinical basic sciences to clinical medicine
10
Q
Define Epidemiology
A
The study of patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
11
Q
Give 3 causes of disease (etiology).
A
Congenital factors
Risk factors
Acquired effects
12
Q
What is the formation process of the disease called?
A
Pathogenesis
13
Q
Name the levels of organization (6)
A
- Chemical (Molecular)
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organism
14
Q
What word defines the true meaning of homeostasis
A
Dynamic – Range stays the same over a long period of time but fluctuates over shorter periods of time
15
Q
What is negative feedback?
A
Shuts off original stimulus or decreases it’s intensity
16
Q
What do the nutrients in the survival needs of homeostasis contain?
A
Fats Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Vitamins Minerals
17
Q
Name the survival needs for homeostasis.
A
WONSA – Water, Oxygen, Nutrient, Stable Temp, Atmospheric Pressure
18
Q
What are the critical Homeostatic functions? (4)
A
- Growth
- Metabolism (Anabolism & Catabolism)
- Reproduction
- Excretion
19
Q
What is paracrine signaling?
A
Cell-cell, in between
20
Q
Name the steps after homeostasis imbalance (4)
A
- Homeostatic Imbalance (breakdown in homeostasis)
- Organ system malfunction
- Symptoms appear
- Disease
21
Q
How does the body preserve homeostasis?
A
Body makes adjustments in physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
22
Q
What is positive feedback?
A
Clotting & Pregnancy (Child Birth)
Increase original stimulus to push variable further
23
Q
Where is the control center located during thermoregulation?
A
Hypothalamus (Brain)
24
Q
When an injured tissue around severed blood vessels release thromboplastin what does this protein combine with?
A
Clotting factors
25
What hormone is released during labor?
Oxytocin
26
Name two positive feedback examples
Blood Clotting & Child Birth
27
What does erythropoetin stimulate to make more red blood cells?
Red bone marrow
28
What are the receptors of thermoregulations?
Brain & Skin
29
What are the effectors of thermoregulation?
Blood vessels, sweat glands
30
Negative feedback maintains a normal range, not a set value? [True or False]
True
31
When there’s reduced O2 levels in blood, what do the kidneys release?
Erythropoetin
32
What does thrombolastin combined with clotting factors trigger?
Clotting cascade
33
When prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin, what does thrombin combine with to form a meshwork?
Fibrinogen
34
How do we know when there’s not enough t4 being created?
High TSH
35
How do know when there is enough t4?
Low TSH
36
Free T4 secreted by the thyroid into the circulation is in equilibrium with t4 bound to what two things?
Plasma protein & Tissue protein-bound
37
What carries out all chemical activities needed to sustain life?
Cells
38
What are the building blocks of all living things?
Cells
39
What are groups of cells similar in structure and function?
Tissues
40
What are the cell functions? 8
Follow the alphabet for the hint
```
Absorption
Communication
Conductivity
Excretion
Movement
Reproduction
Respiration
Secretion
```
41
What are the 3 main regions that the cell is organized into?
Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
42
Where is genetic material (dna) located?
Nucleus
43
What are the three components of the nucleus?
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
Chromatin
44
Nuclear envelope is a single phospholipid membrane construction? [True or False]
False
45
How do materials exchange within the cell?
Nuclear pores
46
Plasma membrane and nuclear envelope are the same thing T/F?
False
47
How many nucleoli can be found in the nucelous?
One or more
48
Where is the site of ribosome production and protein synthesis?
Nucleoli
49
Ribosomes migrate through (what opening) and go into the cytoplasm.
Nuclear pores
50
Chromatin is scattered throughout what specific part of an organelle?
The nucleous
51
___________ is genetic material composed of DNA and protein.
Chromatin
52
__________ condenses to form chromosomes when cells divide and replicate.
(not really condenses but unravels)
Chromatin
53
Name 3 materials outside of the nucleous and inside the plasma membrane.
- Cytosol
- Organelles
- Inclusions
54
What does the cytosol (intracellular fluid) consist of? (4 things)
- Ions
- Proteins
- Waste Products
- Dissolved nutrients
55
Name 5 organelles in the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomes
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Centrisome
- Centrioles
- Cytoskeleton
56
Where is cholesterol synthesized, fat metabolized, and drug detoxed?
Smooth ER
57
What organelle is the production/processing of select proteins for exportation made?
Rough ER
58
What 2 things do ribosomes consist of?
Protein & RNA
59
What are Ribosomes found? (2 locations)
Rough ER & Free floating
60
What do ribosomes synthesize?
Proteins
61
What organelle modifies and packages proteins?
Golgi Apparatus
62
Golgi apparatus produces different types of packages? T/F
True
63
Name three different type of packages the golgi apparatus produces.
Secretaory vesicle
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes
64
What organelle contains enzymes that degrade waste materials within the cell?
Lysosomes
65
What organelle detoxyifies harmful substances and degrades free radicals?
Peroxisomes
66
How do peroxisomes replicate?
By pinching in half
67
Where is the major site of ATP production?
Mitochondria
68
The mitochondria are constantly changing its morhphology T/F?
True
69
What is the cytoskeleton made up of?
Protein structures
70
Where can the cytoskeleton be found?
Cytoplasm
71
_________ are rod shaped bodies constructed of microtubules
Centrioles
72
Select proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of lipid layer determine _______ for each plasma membrane.
Specific functions
73
What are the three types of plasma membrane protein?
Integral
Peripheral
Transmembrane
74
What are 5 protein functions?
- Receptors
- Transport
- Enzyme Activity
- Surface markers
- Adhesion
75
What is the resting memebrane potential values?
-20mV to -200mV
76
What causes voltage gated channels to function?
Differences in concentration of K+ and Na+ ions
77
In the presence of a sodium-potassium pump what ion stays in the cell and what ion gets pumped out of the cell?
K+ can stay in the cell. Na+ naaaaaa (nope)
78
Name the three plasma membrane extensions and where are each are found?
- Microvilli (Gi tract)
- Cilia (Lungs)
- Flagella (Sperm)
79
Why is microvilli so important?
Found in intestine – increase surface area.
80
What are the movements flagella and cilia have?
Propelling movement
81
How does cilia move materials?
Across cell’s surface
82
Flagella propels ____ _____ in swimming like motion
The cell itself
83
What are the two basic methods of transport in and out of a cell?
Passive Transport & Active Transport
84
What type of diffusion requires a protein carrier?
Facilitated
85
Water passes from dilute solution to more concentrated solution (up [ ] gradient T/F?
True
86
Define hypotonic and hypertonic.
Hypotonic solution: water flows into the cell
| Hypertonic solution: water flows out of cell
87
Water and solutes forced through a membrane are called?
Filtration
88
84. During filtration the fluid with particles are pushed from area of ______ ______ to area of _____ _______.
High pressure to low pressure.
89
Give 3 possible reasons why some substances need a PUSH (filtration).
- Substances are too large
- Unable to dissolve in lipid layer
- Substances need to move against concentration gradient
90
Name the two forms of active transport and define them.
Solute pumping: Substances pumped in or out of cell
| Bulk transport: Exocytosis & Endocytosis
91
What are three types of cellular communication and please explain each one.
Endocrine signaling: Distant signals
Paracine signaling: Nearby signals
Synaptic signaling: Specialized signals
92
Give 3 reasons for apoptosis
- Destruction of cells that pose a threat
- Maintain homeostasis and promote ongoing function
- PCD
93
Difference between apoptosis and necrosis.
Apoptosis – suicide
| Necrosis - homicide
94
Give chemical cell injuries
```
Cyanide
Oxygen (too much)
Arsenic
CO2
Herbicides
Insecticides
Salt
Mercury
```
95
Name all the antioxidants.
```
A - Vitamin A
B - Betacarotene
C - Vitamin C
E - Vitamin E
L - Leutein (Green Leafy Vegs)
L - Lycopene (Tomaotes/Red Veg)
S - Selenium
```
96
What happens when antioxidants are insufficient?
Homeostasis breaks down.
97
Give the causes of cellular injury.
```
Physical trauma
Immuno
Electrical
Radiation
Chemical
Infection
Nutritional
Genetic
Oxygen Deprivation
Free Radicals
```
98
Give three physicial agents of cellular injury.
Atmospheric
Temperature
Trauma
99
Give two examples of oxygen deprivation.
Ischemia
| Hypoxia
100
What is ischemia.
Not enough blood (carrying O2) getting to tissues
101
What is hypoxia?
A deficiency of oxygen that causes cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration
102
Where does aerobic oxidation respiration take place and during WHAT cycle?
Mitochondria & Kreb Cycle
103
Name the three MOST common types of cellular injury.
Hypoxia
Free Radicals
Chemicals
104
What are FREE radicals
Highly reactive atoms with a unpaired electron in an outer orbital shell
105
What are some causes of free radicals
Tobacco smoke, radiation, metabolic processes
106
Name 3 vitamin antioxidants
Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E
107
What do antioxidants do?
Slows down/prevent the buildup of free radicles
108
Give 5 types of cell necrosis
```
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
Gangrenous
```
109
What is the most common form of necrosis?
Coagulative
110
Coagulative necrosis affects what internal organs
Kidneys, Adrenal, Spleen, Heart
111
Over time macrophagees phagocytose dead tissue, what is the tissue then replaced with?
Collagenous tissue
112
Explain liquefactive necrosis?
Dissolution of tissues results from enzymatic degradation of tissue . Necrotic area soft and fluid filled with neutrophilic infiltrates. No cell architecture remains.
113
Where are caseous necrosis most commonly found inside? Why does this develop?
Granulomas that develop secondary to TB
114
Where does fat necrosis occur in name 3 places
Abdominal structures
Breast
Pancrease
115
Give 5 types of cellular adaptation explain each too
Atrophy: Decrease in size
Hypertrophy: Increase in size
Hyperplasia: Increase in numbers (more of them)
Metaplasia: From one type to another
Dysplasia: Change in shape, size, appearance
116
Name 3 causes of hyperplasia.
Normal physiological response - Pregnancy
Pathologic response - Disease
Compensatory response – Draw blood/ Make new blood
117
How does metaplasia occur?
Usually occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation
118
Give a metaplasia example
Smoking
119
WHAT are the common sites of dysplasia?
Cervix & Respiratory Tract
120
Give the theories of aging?
```
Some People Finish Early
Somatic Mutation
Programmed Theory of Aging
Free Radical Theory
Error Catastophe Theory
```
121
Give 4 characteristics for somatic death and in order.
No respiration
No circulation
Livor mortis
Rigor mortis
122
When does rigor mortis usually set in around?
3-4 hours
123
When does full rigor reach at?
12 hours
124
When does rigor resolve?
72 hours
