Pathology Lesson 1 Flashcards
What is Pathophysiology?
The study of the functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that have been altered by disease and/or injury –or– the physiology of disordered function
What factors contribute to the etiology of a disease?
- Risk Factors
- Congenital Conditions
- Acquired Defects
What is sequela?
An after-effect of a disease, condition or injury
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of a stable internal environment – a dynamic state of equilibrium
What are the two types of control systems that maintain homeostasis?
Fast control system Nervous system
Slow control system Endocrine system
What are the three phases of homeostatic regulation?
- Receptor: Senses environmental stimulus
- Control Center: Receives and processes
- Effector: Responds (Opposes or reinforces the stimulus)
Define Physiology
The study of the body and how it functions.
Name 6 parts of pathophysiology? What sciences does pathophysiology consist of?
- Epidemiology - Biochemistry
- Pathology - Anatomy
- Genetics - Immunology
What kind of a bridge does pathophysiology create?
A bridge between nonclinical basic sciences to clinical medicine
Define Epidemiology
The study of patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
Give 3 causes of disease (etiology).
Congenital factors
Risk factors
Acquired effects
What is the formation process of the disease called?
Pathogenesis
Name the levels of organization (6)
- Chemical (Molecular)
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organism
What word defines the true meaning of homeostasis
Dynamic – Range stays the same over a long period of time but fluctuates over shorter periods of time
What is negative feedback?
Shuts off original stimulus or decreases it’s intensity
What do the nutrients in the survival needs of homeostasis contain?
Fats Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Vitamins Minerals
Name the survival needs for homeostasis.
WONSA – Water, Oxygen, Nutrient, Stable Temp, Atmospheric Pressure
What are the critical Homeostatic functions? (4)
- Growth
- Metabolism (Anabolism & Catabolism)
- Reproduction
- Excretion
What is paracrine signaling?
Cell-cell, in between
Name the steps after homeostasis imbalance (4)
- Homeostatic Imbalance (breakdown in homeostasis)
- Organ system malfunction
- Symptoms appear
- Disease
How does the body preserve homeostasis?
Body makes adjustments in physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
What is positive feedback?
Clotting & Pregnancy (Child Birth)
Increase original stimulus to push variable further
Where is the control center located during thermoregulation?
Hypothalamus (Brain)
When an injured tissue around severed blood vessels release thromboplastin what does this protein combine with?
Clotting factors
What hormone is released during labor?
Oxytocin
Name two positive feedback examples
Blood Clotting & Child Birth
What does erythropoetin stimulate to make more red blood cells?
Red bone marrow
What are the receptors of thermoregulations?
Brain & Skin
What are the effectors of thermoregulation?
Blood vessels, sweat glands
Negative feedback maintains a normal range, not a set value? [True or False]
True
When there’s reduced O2 levels in blood, what do the kidneys release?
Erythropoetin
What does thrombolastin combined with clotting factors trigger?
Clotting cascade
When prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin, what does thrombin combine with to form a meshwork?
Fibrinogen
How do we know when there’s not enough t4 being created?
High TSH
How do know when there is enough t4?
Low TSH
Free T4 secreted by the thyroid into the circulation is in equilibrium with t4 bound to what two things?
Plasma protein & Tissue protein-bound
What carries out all chemical activities needed to sustain life?
Cells
What are the building blocks of all living things?
Cells
What are groups of cells similar in structure and function?
Tissues
What are the cell functions? 8
Follow the alphabet for the hint
Absorption Communication Conductivity Excretion Movement Reproduction Respiration Secretion
What are the 3 main regions that the cell is organized into?
Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Where is genetic material (dna) located?
Nucleus
What are the three components of the nucleus?
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope is a single phospholipid membrane construction? [True or False]
False
How do materials exchange within the cell?
Nuclear pores
Plasma membrane and nuclear envelope are the same thing T/F?
False
How many nucleoli can be found in the nucelous?
One or more
Where is the site of ribosome production and protein synthesis?
Nucleoli
Ribosomes migrate through (what opening) and go into the cytoplasm.
Nuclear pores
Chromatin is scattered throughout what specific part of an organelle?
The nucleous
___________ is genetic material composed of DNA and protein.
Chromatin
__________ condenses to form chromosomes when cells divide and replicate.
(not really condenses but unravels)
Chromatin
Name 3 materials outside of the nucleous and inside the plasma membrane.
- Cytosol
- Organelles
- Inclusions
What does the cytosol (intracellular fluid) consist of? (4 things)
- Ions
- Proteins
- Waste Products
- Dissolved nutrients
Name 5 organelles in the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomes
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Centrisome
- Centrioles
- Cytoskeleton
Where is cholesterol synthesized, fat metabolized, and drug detoxed?
Smooth ER
What organelle is the production/processing of select proteins for exportation made?
Rough ER
What 2 things do ribosomes consist of?
Protein & RNA
What are Ribosomes found? (2 locations)
Rough ER & Free floating
What do ribosomes synthesize?
Proteins
What organelle modifies and packages proteins?
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi apparatus produces different types of packages? T/F
True
Name three different type of packages the golgi apparatus produces.
Secretaory vesicle
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes
What organelle contains enzymes that degrade waste materials within the cell?
Lysosomes
What organelle detoxyifies harmful substances and degrades free radicals?
Peroxisomes
How do peroxisomes replicate?
By pinching in half
Where is the major site of ATP production?
Mitochondria
The mitochondria are constantly changing its morhphology T/F?
True
What is the cytoskeleton made up of?
Protein structures
Where can the cytoskeleton be found?
Cytoplasm
_________ are rod shaped bodies constructed of microtubules
Centrioles
Select proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of lipid layer determine _______ for each plasma membrane.
Specific functions
What are the three types of plasma membrane protein?
Integral
Peripheral
Transmembrane
What are 5 protein functions?
- Receptors
- Transport
- Enzyme Activity
- Surface markers
- Adhesion
What is the resting memebrane potential values?
-20mV to -200mV
What causes voltage gated channels to function?
Differences in concentration of K+ and Na+ ions
In the presence of a sodium-potassium pump what ion stays in the cell and what ion gets pumped out of the cell?
K+ can stay in the cell. Na+ naaaaaa (nope)
Name the three plasma membrane extensions and where are each are found?
- Microvilli (Gi tract)
- Cilia (Lungs)
- Flagella (Sperm)
Why is microvilli so important?
Found in intestine – increase surface area.
What are the movements flagella and cilia have?
Propelling movement
How does cilia move materials?
Across cell’s surface
Flagella propels ____ _____ in swimming like motion
The cell itself
What are the two basic methods of transport in and out of a cell?
Passive Transport & Active Transport
What type of diffusion requires a protein carrier?
Facilitated
Water passes from dilute solution to more concentrated solution (up [ ] gradient T/F?
True
Define hypotonic and hypertonic.
Hypotonic solution: water flows into the cell
Hypertonic solution: water flows out of cell
Water and solutes forced through a membrane are called?
Filtration
- During filtration the fluid with particles are pushed from area of ______ ______ to area of _____ _______.
High pressure to low pressure.
Give 3 possible reasons why some substances need a PUSH (filtration).
- Substances are too large
- Unable to dissolve in lipid layer
- Substances need to move against concentration gradient
Name the two forms of active transport and define them.
Solute pumping: Substances pumped in or out of cell
Bulk transport: Exocytosis & Endocytosis
What are three types of cellular communication and please explain each one.
Endocrine signaling: Distant signals
Paracine signaling: Nearby signals
Synaptic signaling: Specialized signals
Give 3 reasons for apoptosis
- Destruction of cells that pose a threat
- Maintain homeostasis and promote ongoing function
- PCD
Difference between apoptosis and necrosis.
Apoptosis – suicide
Necrosis - homicide
Give chemical cell injuries
Cyanide Oxygen (too much) Arsenic CO2 Herbicides Insecticides Salt Mercury
Name all the antioxidants.
A - Vitamin A B - Betacarotene C - Vitamin C E - Vitamin E L - Leutein (Green Leafy Vegs) L - Lycopene (Tomaotes/Red Veg) S - Selenium
What happens when antioxidants are insufficient?
Homeostasis breaks down.
Give the causes of cellular injury.
Physical trauma Immuno Electrical Radiation Chemical Infection Nutritional Genetic Oxygen Deprivation Free Radicals
Give three physicial agents of cellular injury.
Atmospheric
Temperature
Trauma
Give two examples of oxygen deprivation.
Ischemia
Hypoxia
What is ischemia.
Not enough blood (carrying O2) getting to tissues
What is hypoxia?
A deficiency of oxygen that causes cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration
Where does aerobic oxidation respiration take place and during WHAT cycle?
Mitochondria & Kreb Cycle
Name the three MOST common types of cellular injury.
Hypoxia
Free Radicals
Chemicals
What are FREE radicals
Highly reactive atoms with a unpaired electron in an outer orbital shell
What are some causes of free radicals
Tobacco smoke, radiation, metabolic processes
Name 3 vitamin antioxidants
Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E
What do antioxidants do?
Slows down/prevent the buildup of free radicles
Give 5 types of cell necrosis
Coagulative Liquefactive Caseous Fat Gangrenous
What is the most common form of necrosis?
Coagulative
Coagulative necrosis affects what internal organs
Kidneys, Adrenal, Spleen, Heart
Over time macrophagees phagocytose dead tissue, what is the tissue then replaced with?
Collagenous tissue
Explain liquefactive necrosis?
Dissolution of tissues results from enzymatic degradation of tissue . Necrotic area soft and fluid filled with neutrophilic infiltrates. No cell architecture remains.
Where are caseous necrosis most commonly found inside? Why does this develop?
Granulomas that develop secondary to TB
Where does fat necrosis occur in name 3 places
Abdominal structures
Breast
Pancrease
Give 5 types of cellular adaptation explain each too
Atrophy: Decrease in size
Hypertrophy: Increase in size
Hyperplasia: Increase in numbers (more of them)
Metaplasia: From one type to another
Dysplasia: Change in shape, size, appearance
Name 3 causes of hyperplasia.
Normal physiological response - Pregnancy
Pathologic response - Disease
Compensatory response – Draw blood/ Make new blood
How does metaplasia occur?
Usually occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation
Give a metaplasia example
Smoking
WHAT are the common sites of dysplasia?
Cervix & Respiratory Tract
Give the theories of aging?
Some People Finish Early Somatic Mutation Programmed Theory of Aging Free Radical Theory Error Catastophe Theory
Give 4 characteristics for somatic death and in order.
No respiration
No circulation
Livor mortis
Rigor mortis
When does rigor mortis usually set in around?
3-4 hours
When does full rigor reach at?
12 hours
When does rigor resolve?
72 hours
