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Pathology > Pathology Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Pathology Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pathophysiology?

A

The study of the functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that have been altered by disease and/or injury –or– the physiology of disordered function

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2
Q

What factors contribute to the etiology of a disease?

A
  • Risk Factors
  • Congenital Conditions
  • Acquired Defects
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3
Q

What is sequela?

A

An after-effect of a disease, condition or injury

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment – a dynamic state of equilibrium

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5
Q

What are the two types of control systems that maintain homeostasis?

A

Fast control system Nervous system

Slow control system Endocrine system

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6
Q

What are the three phases of homeostatic regulation?

A
  • Receptor: Senses environmental stimulus
  • Control Center: Receives and processes
  • Effector: Responds (Opposes or reinforces the stimulus)
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7
Q

Define Physiology

A

The study of the body and how it functions.

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8
Q

Name 6 parts of pathophysiology? What sciences does pathophysiology consist of?

A
  • Epidemiology - Biochemistry
  • Pathology - Anatomy
  • Genetics - Immunology
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9
Q

What kind of a bridge does pathophysiology create?

A

A bridge between nonclinical basic sciences to clinical medicine

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10
Q

Define Epidemiology

A

The study of patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.

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11
Q

Give 3 causes of disease (etiology).

A

Congenital factors
Risk factors
Acquired effects

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12
Q

What is the formation process of the disease called?

A

Pathogenesis

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13
Q

Name the levels of organization (6)

A
  1. Chemical (Molecular)
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organism
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14
Q

What word defines the true meaning of homeostasis

A

Dynamic – Range stays the same over a long period of time but fluctuates over shorter periods of time

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15
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Shuts off original stimulus or decreases it’s intensity

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16
Q

What do the nutrients in the survival needs of homeostasis contain?

A 
Fats
Lipids 
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
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17
Q

Name the survival needs for homeostasis.

A

WONSA – Water, Oxygen, Nutrient, Stable Temp, Atmospheric Pressure

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18
Q

What are the critical Homeostatic functions? (4)

A
  1. Growth
  2. Metabolism (Anabolism & Catabolism)
  3. Reproduction
  4. Excretion
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19
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Cell-cell, in between

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20
Q

Name the steps after homeostasis imbalance (4)

A
  1. Homeostatic Imbalance (breakdown in homeostasis)
  2. Organ system malfunction
  3. Symptoms appear
  4. Disease
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21
Q

How does the body preserve homeostasis?

A

Body makes adjustments in physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

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22
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Clotting & Pregnancy (Child Birth)

Increase original stimulus to push variable further

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23
Q

Where is the control center located during thermoregulation?

A

Hypothalamus (Brain)

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24
Q

When an injured tissue around severed blood vessels release thromboplastin what does this protein combine with?

A

Clotting factors

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25
Q

What hormone is released during labor?

A

Oxytocin

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26
Q

Name two positive feedback examples

A

Blood Clotting & Child Birth

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27
Q

What does erythropoetin stimulate to make more red blood cells?

A

Red bone marrow

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28
Q

What are the receptors of thermoregulations?

A

Brain & Skin

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29
Q

What are the effectors of thermoregulation?

A

Blood vessels, sweat glands

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30
Q

Negative feedback maintains a normal range, not a set value? [True or False]

A

True

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31
Q

When there’s reduced O2 levels in blood, what do the kidneys release?

A

Erythropoetin

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32
Q

What does thrombolastin combined with clotting factors trigger?

A

Clotting cascade

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33
Q

When prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin, what does thrombin combine with to form a meshwork?

A

Fibrinogen

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34
Q

How do we know when there’s not enough t4 being created?

A

High TSH

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35
Q

How do know when there is enough t4?

A

Low TSH

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36
Q

Free T4 secreted by the thyroid into the circulation is in equilibrium with t4 bound to what two things?

A

Plasma protein & Tissue protein-bound

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37
Q

What carries out all chemical activities needed to sustain life?

A

Cells

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38
Q

What are the building blocks of all living things?

A

Cells

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39
Q

What are groups of cells similar in structure and function?

A

Tissues

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40
Q

What are the cell functions? 8

A

Follow the alphabet for the hint

Absorption
Communication
Conductivity
Excretion
Movement
Reproduction
Respiration
Secretion
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41
Q

What are the 3 main regions that the cell is organized into?

A

Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm

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42
Q

Where is genetic material (dna) located?

A

Nucleus

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43
Q

What are the three components of the nucleus?

A

Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
Chromatin

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44
Q

Nuclear envelope is a single phospholipid membrane construction? [True or False]

A

False

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45
Q

How do materials exchange within the cell?

A

Nuclear pores

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46
Q

Plasma membrane and nuclear envelope are the same thing T/F?

A

False

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47
Q

How many nucleoli can be found in the nucelous?

A

One or more

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48
Q

Where is the site of ribosome production and protein synthesis?

A

Nucleoli

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49
Q

Ribosomes migrate through (what opening) and go into the cytoplasm.

A

Nuclear pores

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50
Q

Chromatin is scattered throughout what specific part of an organelle?

A

The nucleous

51
Q

___________ is genetic material composed of DNA and protein.

A

Chromatin

52
Q

__________ condenses to form chromosomes when cells divide and replicate.

(not really condenses but unravels)

A

Chromatin

53
Q

Name 3 materials outside of the nucleous and inside the plasma membrane.

A
  • Cytosol
  • Organelles
  • Inclusions
54
Q

What does the cytosol (intracellular fluid) consist of? (4 things)

A
  • Ions
  • Proteins
  • Waste Products
  • Dissolved nutrients
55
Q

Name 5 organelles in the cytoplasm.

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Centrisome
  • Centrioles
  • Cytoskeleton
56
Q

Where is cholesterol synthesized, fat metabolized, and drug detoxed?

A

Smooth ER

57
Q

What organelle is the production/processing of select proteins for exportation made?

A

Rough ER

58
Q

What 2 things do ribosomes consist of?

A

Protein & RNA

59
Q

What are Ribosomes found? (2 locations)

A

Rough ER & Free floating

60
Q

What do ribosomes synthesize?

A

Proteins

61
Q

What organelle modifies and packages proteins?

A

Golgi Apparatus

62
Q

Golgi apparatus produces different types of packages? T/F

A

True

63
Q

Name three different type of packages the golgi apparatus produces.

A

Secretaory vesicle
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes

64
Q

What organelle contains enzymes that degrade waste materials within the cell?

A

Lysosomes

65
Q

What organelle detoxyifies harmful substances and degrades free radicals?

A

Peroxisomes

66
Q

How do peroxisomes replicate?

A

By pinching in half

67
Q

Where is the major site of ATP production?

A

Mitochondria

68
Q

The mitochondria are constantly changing its morhphology T/F?

A

True

69
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

Protein structures

70
Q

Where can the cytoskeleton be found?

A

Cytoplasm

71
Q

_________ are rod shaped bodies constructed of microtubules

A

Centrioles

72
Q

Select proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of lipid layer determine _______ for each plasma membrane.

A

Specific functions

73
Q

What are the three types of plasma membrane protein?

A

Integral
Peripheral
Transmembrane

74
Q

What are 5 protein functions?

A
  • Receptors
  • Transport
  • Enzyme Activity
  • Surface markers
  • Adhesion
75
Q

What is the resting memebrane potential values?

A

-20mV to -200mV

76
Q

What causes voltage gated channels to function?

A

Differences in concentration of K+ and Na+ ions

77
Q

In the presence of a sodium-potassium pump what ion stays in the cell and what ion gets pumped out of the cell?

A

K+ can stay in the cell. Na+ naaaaaa (nope)

78
Q

Name the three plasma membrane extensions and where are each are found?

A
  • Microvilli (Gi tract)
  • Cilia (Lungs)
  • Flagella (Sperm)
79
Q

Why is microvilli so important?

A

Found in intestine – increase surface area.

80
Q

What are the movements flagella and cilia have?

A

Propelling movement

81
Q

How does cilia move materials?

A

Across cell’s surface

82
Q

Flagella propels ____ _____ in swimming like motion

A

The cell itself

83
Q

What are the two basic methods of transport in and out of a cell?

A

Passive Transport & Active Transport

84
Q

What type of diffusion requires a protein carrier?

A

Facilitated

85
Q

Water passes from dilute solution to more concentrated solution (up [ ] gradient T/F?

A

True

86
Q

Define hypotonic and hypertonic.

A

Hypotonic solution: water flows into the cell

Hypertonic solution: water flows out of cell

87
Q

Water and solutes forced through a membrane are called?

A

Filtration

88
Q
  1. During filtration the fluid with particles are pushed from area of ______ ______ to area of _____ _______.
A

High pressure to low pressure.

89
Q

Give 3 possible reasons why some substances need a PUSH (filtration).

A
  • Substances are too large
  • Unable to dissolve in lipid layer
  • Substances need to move against concentration gradient
90
Q

Name the two forms of active transport and define them.

A

Solute pumping: Substances pumped in or out of cell

Bulk transport: Exocytosis & Endocytosis

91
Q

What are three types of cellular communication and please explain each one.

A

Endocrine signaling: Distant signals
Paracine signaling: Nearby signals
Synaptic signaling: Specialized signals

92
Q

Give 3 reasons for apoptosis

A
  • Destruction of cells that pose a threat
  • Maintain homeostasis and promote ongoing function
  • PCD
93
Q

Difference between apoptosis and necrosis.

A

Apoptosis – suicide

Necrosis - homicide

94
Q

Give chemical cell injuries

A 
Cyanide
Oxygen (too much)
Arsenic
CO2
Herbicides
Insecticides
Salt
Mercury
95
Q

Name all the antioxidants.

A 
A - Vitamin A
B - Betacarotene
C - Vitamin C
E - Vitamin E
L - Leutein (Green Leafy Vegs)
L - Lycopene (Tomaotes/Red Veg)
S - Selenium
96
Q

What happens when antioxidants are insufficient?

A

Homeostasis breaks down.

97
Q

Give the causes of cellular injury.

A 
Physical trauma
Immuno
Electrical
Radiation
Chemical
Infection
Nutritional 
Genetic
Oxygen Deprivation
Free Radicals
98
Q

Give three physicial agents of cellular injury.

A

Atmospheric
Temperature
Trauma

99
Q

Give two examples of oxygen deprivation.

A

Ischemia

Hypoxia

100
Q

What is ischemia.

A

Not enough blood (carrying O2) getting to tissues

101
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

A deficiency of oxygen that causes cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration

102
Q

Where does aerobic oxidation respiration take place and during WHAT cycle?

A

Mitochondria & Kreb Cycle

103
Q

Name the three MOST common types of cellular injury.

A

Hypoxia
Free Radicals
Chemicals

104
Q

What are FREE radicals

A

Highly reactive atoms with a unpaired electron in an outer orbital shell

105
Q

What are some causes of free radicals

A

Tobacco smoke, radiation, metabolic processes

106
Q

Name 3 vitamin antioxidants

A

Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E

107
Q

What do antioxidants do?

A

Slows down/prevent the buildup of free radicles

108
Q

Give 5 types of cell necrosis

A 
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
Gangrenous
109
Q

What is the most common form of necrosis?

A

Coagulative

110
Q

Coagulative necrosis affects what internal organs

A

Kidneys, Adrenal, Spleen, Heart

111
Q

Over time macrophagees phagocytose dead tissue, what is the tissue then replaced with?

A

Collagenous tissue

112
Q

Explain liquefactive necrosis?

A

Dissolution of tissues results from enzymatic degradation of tissue . Necrotic area soft and fluid filled with neutrophilic infiltrates. No cell architecture remains.

113
Q

Where are caseous necrosis most commonly found inside? Why does this develop?

A

Granulomas that develop secondary to TB

114
Q

Where does fat necrosis occur in name 3 places

A

Abdominal structures
Breast
Pancrease

115
Q

Give 5 types of cellular adaptation explain each too

A

Atrophy: Decrease in size
Hypertrophy: Increase in size
Hyperplasia: Increase in numbers (more of them)
Metaplasia: From one type to another
Dysplasia: Change in shape, size, appearance

116
Q

Name 3 causes of hyperplasia.

A

Normal physiological response - Pregnancy
Pathologic response - Disease
Compensatory response – Draw blood/ Make new blood

117
Q

How does metaplasia occur?

A

Usually occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation

118
Q

Give a metaplasia example

A

Smoking

119
Q

WHAT are the common sites of dysplasia?

A

Cervix & Respiratory Tract

120
Q

Give the theories of aging?

A 
Some People Finish Early
Somatic Mutation
Programmed Theory of Aging
Free Radical Theory
Error Catastophe Theory
121
Q

Give 4 characteristics for somatic death and in order.

A

No respiration
No circulation
Livor mortis
Rigor mortis

122
Q

When does rigor mortis usually set in around?

A

3-4 hours

123
Q

When does full rigor reach at?

A

12 hours

124
Q

When does rigor resolve?

A

72 hours

Pathology (10 decks)

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