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Pathology > Pathological Diseases > Flashcards

Pathological Diseases Flashcards

To memorize the etiology, mechanism, symptoms and diagnosis of various diseases

1
Q

What is the etiology (cause) of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Genetic mutation for CTFR

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2
Q

What is the function of CTFR?

A

Regulates Cl- and other channels.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of Cystic Fibrosis in the lung?

A

Decreased Cl- secretion
Increased Na+ absorption
Affects mucus clearance (-) and viscosity (+)

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of Cystic Fibrosis in the GI?

A

Decrease Na+ secretion
Decrease bicarb secretion
Enzymes that are retained destroy the pancreas

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of Cystic Fibrosis in the sweat glands?

A

Normal volume however not able to reabsorb NaCl

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6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis in a child?

A
  • Meconium ileus (first poop) really thick, unable to pass
  • Cough productive of viscous sputum
  • Infections
  • Failure to thrive
  • Insufficient pancreatic enzymes: protein and fat malabsorption
  • Bulky, foul smelling stools
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7
Q

How do you diagnose Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Perform a sweat test Cl- > 70mEq/L

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8
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

A chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis?

A

In myasthenia gravis, antibodies block, alter, or destroy the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, which prevents the muscle contraction from occurring.

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10
Q

What’s the hallmark of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Muscle weakness that increases during activity and improves with rest.

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11
Q

What is the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

There is no cure
Symptomatic treatment: (PITAS)
- AChE Inhibitor Agents → Reduce breakdown of Ach
- Steroids/Immunosuppressants → Suppress - immune reaction
- Immunoglobulins → Alter function of antibodies
- Thymectomy → Suppress immune reaction
- Plasmaphoresis → Temporary removal of antibodies

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12
Q

What is the etiology of Duchene Muscular Dystrophy?

A

A recessive, x-linked, single gene defect

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13
Q

What is mechanism of Duchene Muscular Dystrophy

A

Defective cell membrane protein
Failure of contractile protein attachment
Necrosis of muscle fibers

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14
Q

What is myopathy? (Normal)

A

Disease of muscle (primary muscle disorder, usually symmetrical and proximal) that affects:

  • Muscle strength
  • Tone
  • Bulk
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15
Q

In what type of pt’s is toxic myopathy most commonly diagnosed in?

A

Alcoholics and drug users (cocaine and speed)

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16
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of (normal) myopahty?

A
  • Muscle weakness (usually symmetrical and proximal)
  • Tone, Reflexes decreased
  • Can have atrophy or hypertrophy
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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of toxic myopathy?

A

Can have chronic, progressive proximal weakness
Necrosis of individual muscle fibers
May be a direct effect and/or nutritional

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18
Q

What drugs can cause toxic myopathy?

A
  • Ipecac

- Vincristine

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19
Q

What is toxic myopathy?

A

Acute attack of muscle weakness, pain, swelling after binge drinking

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20
Q

What is Rhabdomyolysis?

A

When muscle is damaged, a protein called myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. It is then filtered out of the body by the kidneys.

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21
Q

What is Myoglobinuria?

A

Myoglobinuria is the presence of myoglobin in the urine, usually associated with rhabdomyolysis or muscle destruction.

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22
Q

What is Electromyography?

A

A process of recording the activation of motor units (the electrical activity of a muscle)

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23
Q

How does an Electromyograph work?

A
  • Uses recording electrodes – needle or flat
  • Little spontaneous activity at rest
  • Measures recruitment of voluntary units
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24
Q

What diseases occurs in the neuromuscular junction region?

A
  • Myasthenia Gravis

- Botulism

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25
Q

What disease occurs in the muscle region?

A
  • Duchene Muscular Dystrophy
  • Myopathy
  • Rhabdomyolysis
  • Myositis
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26
Q

What is Myositis? What 3 things cause it?

A

Myositis means inflammation of the muscles that you use to move your body. An injury, infection, or autoimmune disease can cause it.

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27
Q

What is the etiology of myositis?

A
  • Viral
  • Bacterial
  • Parasitic
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28
Q

What are examples of the etiology of myositis?

A
  • Influenza
  • Staphlococcus aureus
  • Tuberculosis
  • Trichinosis (Trichinella infection)
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29
Q

Myositis characterized by generalized pus and inflammation is called?

A

Polymyositis

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30
Q

Myositis characterized by generalized pus and inflammation AND skin lesions is called?

A

Dermatomyositis

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?

A
  • Drooping eyelid (95 in face)
  • Blurred/double vision
  • Slurred speech
  • Difficulty chew/swallow
  • Weakness in arms/legs
  • Chronic muscle fatigue
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Often have Thymoma
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32
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Parkinsonian rigidity
  • Parkinsonian Bradykinesia/Akinesia
  • Postural abnormalities
  • Autonomic and neuroendocrine symptoms
  • Cognitive-affective symptoms
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33
Q

What is the mechanism of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Excess of Cholinergic Activity

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34
Q

What is a prescription used to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Levodopa (Dopaminergic)

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35
Q

What symptoms are related to excess Cholinergic Activity? (4)

A
  • Hypertonia
  • Rigidity (Cogwheel)
  • Bradykinesia
  • Resting Tremor
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36
Q

What happens to cerebral peduncles and substantia nigra in people with Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Substantia nigra is depigmented

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37
Q

Define consciousness?

A

Alertness or state of awareness of environment

38
Q

What are the 5 states of awareness of consciousness? Describe each one.

A 
Alert (Aware of person, place & time)
Lethargic (Verbal command to awake pt)
Obtunded (Shaking of pt to wake)
Stupor (Painful stimulus needed to wake)
Coma
39
Q

What is the definition of cognition

A

Activities of thinking, understanding, learning, remembering

40
Q

What is dementia?

A

Progressive cognitive decline

41
Q

When can AD be officially diagnosed?

A

After death by doing an autopsy of brain

42
Q

The onset of AD is caused by the lack of what neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

43
Q

How does the lack of ACh in an AD patient affect their brain?

A

Amyloid deposits + Neurofibrillary Tangles interfere with the ability to store and recall

44
Q

What is a prescription used to alleviate the symptoms of AD?

A

Anticholinesterases

45
Q

What is another word for stroke?

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

46
Q

What blood percentage of the CO is designated to the brain?

A

15-20% of cardiac output

47
Q

In cerebral hemodynamics, what is the primary regulator for CNS blood flow?

A

CO2 levels in blood

48
Q

What is the formula for calculating MAP?

A

SBP+2DBP/3

49
Q

What is the range of MAP?

A

70-110

50
Q

How is Cerebral Perfusion maintained?

A

From MAP 50-150 through compensatory vasodilation/constriction

51
Q

Why is the BBB important in regards to the implications of drug therapies on patients?

A

Has an effect on:

  • Antibiotics
  • Chemotherapeutic agents
52
Q

What is the BBB?

A

Neuroglia create impermeability to large and potentially harmful molecules

53
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

A disease that affects the degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia (substantia nigra)

54
Q

What physicial symptoms do you see in Parkinson’s patients?

A
  • Leaning forward
  • Drooling
  • Looking up
  • Parkinson’s fascia
  • Shaking hands
  • Tremors
  • Festering gait
  • Shuffling gait
55
Q

What are the causes of Rhabdomyolysis?

A
  • Strenuous exercise
  • Status epilepticus
  • Status asthmaticus
  • Trauma
  • Multiple Drugs
  • Substance abuse
    (toxic-mediated rather than trauma)
56
Q

A person with Rhabdomyolysis presents with what symptoms?

A
  • Muscle pain
  • Fever
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Muscle cramping
  • Dark urine
57
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Local muscle damage

58
Q

In compartment syndrome, increased venous pressure leads to

A

Decreased arterial pressure (Ischemia - not enough perfusion/blood supply)
Edema

59
Q

What can compartment syndrome result in?

A

Can result in sequela of Volkmann Ischemic Contracture

60
Q

What are some symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy seen later with age?

A
  • Enlarged calves
  • Lordosis (disappears when child sits)
  • Weakness in pelvic girdle muscles
  • Crippling deformities
  • Contractures
61
Q

What is the MOA of the bacteria involved in botulism?

A

toxin inhibits acetylcholine release which equals paralysis of muscle

62
Q

What was botulism initially used for?

A
  • blepharospasm

- spasmodic torticollis

63
Q

Which gender is effected if the mother is a carrier of duchenne’s muscular dystrophy?

A
  • Male
64
Q

What pathogens can cause myositis?

A
  • Virus bacteria and parasite
65
Q

What are specific causes of myositis?

A
  • Influenza
  • Staph. Aureus
  • TB
  • Trichinosis (trichinella infection) – parasite caused by eating raw of uncooked pork
66
Q

What is used to study the activation of motor units?

A

Electromyography EMG

67
Q

What does an electromyography record and measure?

A

Records electrical activity of muscle and measures recruitment of voluntary units

68
Q

What is a recessive, x linked single gene defect disease effecting muscle development?

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

69
Q

What is disease of muscle known as?

A

Myopathy

70
Q

What does myopathy affect?

A

Muscle tone/strength/bulk

71
Q

What are symptoms of myopathy?

A
  • Weakness (symmetrical and proximal)
  • Decreased tone/ reflexes
  • Atrophy or hypertrophy
72
Q

What is the most common cause of toxic myopathy?

A

Alcohol & drug abuse – direct effect or nutritional

73
Q

What are two other causes of toxic myopathy?

A

Ipecac and vincristine

74
Q

What are symptoms of toxic myopathy? (WARN)

A
  • Chronic progressive peripheral weakness
  • Acute attacks of weakness swelling and pain after binge
  • Rhabdomyolysis
    – Myoglobinuria
  • Necrosis of individual muscle fibers
75
Q

What results from compartment syndrome?

A

it may lead to crush syndrome

76
Q

What neurotransmitter plays a significant role in Myasthenia Gravis?

A

ACh

77
Q

Which enzyme plays a significant role in Myasthenia Gravis?

A

AChE

78
Q

What disease is characterized by fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

79
Q

How does Myasthenia Gravis cause muscle weakness?

A

antibodies to ACh block alter or destroy ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction

80
Q
  1. What is a thyoma?
A

tumor in the thymus

81
Q
  1. Is there a cure for Myasthenia Gravis?
A

No, What is there symptomatic treatment

82
Q

Botulism involves which bacteria?

A

Clostridium botulinum (Gram positive)

83
Q

What is the MOA of the bacteria involved in botulism?

A
  • toxin inhibits acetylcholine release which equals paralysis
84
Q

What was botulism initially used for?

A
  • blepharospasm

- spasmodic torticollis

85
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

Nerve injury when a cell is cut

86
Q

In wallerian degeneration, what are the symptoms distal to the cut?

A
  • Swelling appears
  • Neurofilaments (cytoskeleton proteins) grow out
  • Myelin sheath shrinks and disintegrates
  • Axon portion degenerates and disappears
87
Q

In wallerian degeneration, what are the symptoms proximal to the cut?

A
  • Swelling and dispersal of the Nissl substance
  • Cell increases in metabolic activity, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial activity
  • New terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment
  • Process limited to myelinated axons
  • Generally only in the PNS
  • Depends on location, type of injury, the inflammatory response, and scar tissue formation
88
Q

What are the hallmarks of Parkingson’s disease?

A
  • Rest tremors

- Facies (Mask)

89
Q

What are the hallmarks of AD?

A
  • Amyloid deposits

- Neurofibrillary Tangles

90
Q

In Parkinsons Disease, excess cholinergic activity is caused by which neurotransmitter? What are the symptoms?

A

ACh

  • Resting tremor
  • Cogwheel (rigidity)
  • Hypertonia
  • Bradykinesia/Akinesia
91
Q

What are the symptoms of AD?

A
  • Hypertonia
  • Affected ability to recall and store
  • Amyloid B deposits
  • Neurofibrillary fibers
  • Memory loss
  • Circumlocution
  • Spatial disorientation

Pathology (10 decks)

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