Pathology

Question 1

What’s hypertrophy ?
Examples ?
(3)

Answer 1

Increase of the SIZE of the cell without cell division
Ie:
->cardiac muscle in L ventricle due to systemic hypertension
->skeletal muscle in training athletes

Question 2

What’s hyperplasia ? Examples?

3

Answer 2

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue due to Cell division .
Ie:
RBC increase in people who live at higher altitudes
Too many keratinocytes = thick , scaly skin

Question 3

What’s metaplasia ?

3

Answer 3

• replacement of one type of specialised cell by another specialised cell!
  Ie :
  1) Squamous metaplasia replaced the ciliated epithelium in smokers
  2) Barrets oesophagus : intestinal metaplasia turns epithelium into columnar epithelium !

Question 4

What’s Atrophy?

2

Answer 4

-decrease in the size of organ or cells due to a decrease in cell size and number
Ie: brain Atrophy = Alzheimer’s disease !

Question 5

What’s dysplasia ?

2

Answer 5

Precancerous abnormality where cells acquire genetic abnormalities associated with invasive cancer .

Question 6

What’s neoplasia ?

2

Answer 6

Abnormal mass of tissue =tumour

The presence of genetic alterations which alter cell growth !

Question 7

What’s the difference between benign and malignant tumours ?
(3)

Answer 7

• benign are:
  1- slow growing and DONT invade local tissue
  2-/don’t spread to other parts
  3-they are also round looking/

-malignant tumours are :
1-RAPID and fast moving ,
2-may invade surrounding tissue , they spread !
3-Cells are not round looking = jagged and necrosis is common !

Question 8

What is a: 
Carcinoma ? 
Melanoma?
Sarcoma? 
Adenoma ?
Adencarcinoma? 
(5)

Answer 8

1- carcinoma is a malignant tumour of the epithelium origin
2-melanoma is skin cancer and rapid growth of melanocytes
3-malignant tumour of connective tissue origin
4-adenoma is the benign tumour of the glands
5-Adenocarcinoma - malignant tumour of gland .

Question 9

Whats a grade of cancer ?
What’s the stage of cancer ?
(3)

Answer 9

Grade : degree of differentiation of the tumour
Low grade : aggressive course
High grade: poorly differentiated

Stage: spread of tumour informed by radiological assessment

Question 10

What’s metastasis ?

2

Answer 10

Pathogenic agents spread from initial site to different site !
( spread of cancer )

Question 11

What are the 3 different types of metastasis ?

3

Answer 11

1- direct spread to neighbouring body cavities or walls ( transcoelomic)

2-lymphatic spread through lymph nodes

3-haematogenous via blood vessels