Inflammation and immunology Flashcards
what’s the non-specific response ?
(2)
give examples : 7
Quick-acts straight away and it is NON SPECIFIC , it doesn’t require presence of specific antigen .
ie:
skin , mouth , mucous , cilia , strong pH of the stomach
Inflammatory response !
What’s the specific immune response ?
2
1) Cell mediated response (T-cells)
2) Humoral response (B-cells)
explain the inflammatory response ? (4)
1) Mast cells and basophils detect the change In cytokines and they release histamine
2) histamine makes the capillaries more leaky and this causes and Oedema, bringing the Antibodies
3) The increased blood flow brings phagocytes , antibodies , nutrients .
4) The APC macrophages & neutrophils release interleukins & and phagocytosis causing a fever (caused by interleukins , this causes the pathogen to die )
what are T cells? (5)
Mark helped kim Rowon navigate
1) T-memory = long term immunity
2) T-helper= CD4+ ( activates other cells)
3) T-killer=CD8+( kills)
4) T-regulator =CD4+ , tone down immune response
5) T-naive cell = CD4+/CD8+ (Not activated –> differentiate into different versions)
What are B cells ? (2)
1) B plasma -antibodies
2) B memory- immunity (long term)
Explain the cell mediated response ? (3)
1- Helper-T cell activates T-lymphocyte
2- T-lymphocyte differentiates T-killer cell which is cytotoxic
3- T-cell, drills holes in cells via powerful proteins called PERFORINS , which kill pathogen via forming a complex and then calling macrophages for phagocytosis .
Whats the humeral response ?
6
1) B lymphocyte gets activated via APC
2) Helper T-cells helps B lymphocyte differentiate into plasma , memory cells
3) Plasma cells , which produce antibodies which bind to antigens and
a) stick them together via agglutation (sticks pathogens together )
b) call leukocytes, which are white blood cells and they can also engulf pathogens
4) Memory cells store a copy of the antibodies on their membranes , they can recognise pathogen immediately and CLONAL EXPANSION occurs!
what are the principles of vaccines ?(1)
provide induced immunity in individual and herd immunity in society . It also aims to increase virus education !
what are the impacts of vaccines on human and animal health ?
(6)
1-induced immunity
2-herd immunity protects the vulnerable
3-Humans can live longer /better “health,”
4-can promote a better society , more people can work and society develops
5-animal testing = animal cruelty
6-vaccinating animals = induced immunity as well so they can be healthier
Outline what a Virus Attenuated vaccine is ?
5
1- cell culture adaptation: repeat passage in non-natural cells = An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or “live”)
2-reduces ability to replicate in natural host ( when you keep repeating the culture, you are selecting for cells which grow best on the “monkey kidney ,”cells - not human cells this means when they enter the human body 3- they cause SUB-CLINICAL infection ( no symptoms )
4-induction of the immune response = long lasting and often the best type of vaccine
5-Complicating risk ( the virus could reconvert back to the wild type !) or it could get contaminated by infectious agents in cell culture !
what is an inactivated vaccine ?
3
1-virus grows in cell culture
2-extracts the virus and then is chemically inactivated via : formaldehyde
+there is no possibility of infection here
-the duration may be shorter hence less effective than live attenuated !
What is inactivated vaccine-split ?
4
1-Virus in cell culture /eggs 2-Lyse culture 3-Extract virus antigen 4-purify the antigen \+no risk of infection -duration of immunity is short
what is the sub-unit vaccine ? (3)
1-recombinant DNA technology used to express the antigen .
2-require antigen purification
3-formulation requires ADJUVANTS( Al salts )
contain purified pieces of pathogen that can stimulate immune response.
what do the vaccine acc do inside our bodies ?
5
1- introduced into the body : mucosal and parenteral parts of body
2-antigen –>APCS ( neutrophils, killer T cells, dendritic APC
3-APC-> Lymph nodes and express the antigen peptide
4-CLONAL EXPANSION by memory B/T cells
CD4+ = HELPER T cells ->B cells ->antibodies (humoral immunity )
CD8+=T cells ->proliferation -> specialised T cells
5- memory B/T cells can now attack quickly next time the pathogen enters as they have made an SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES !
What is an epitope?(2)
name the characteristics of the B cell (2)/ T cell epitopes (3)
1-part of the antigen that the antibody has to bind to .
There is a dominant epitome =strongest immune response ! subdominant = weaker immune response !
2-B cell epitopes are linear peptides which a string of AA antibodies can recognise the the primary structure B cell epitomes : conformational peptide : a chain of AA which don't share a border = antibodies can recognise the tertiary structure ! 3-T Helper CD4+ :cell epitomes = linear and presented by the protein called : MHC class 3 -T killer CD8+=Linear peptides , presented by protein class MHC CLASS 1 -T-regulator cell = CD4+/CD425+
