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Y1 - Principles > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the potential causes for a disease?

A 
VINDICATE
Vascular
Infection/Inflammation
Neoplasm
Drugs/toxins
Iatrogenic
Congenital
Autoimmune
Trauma
Endocrine/metabolic
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2
Q

What mediators cause vasodilation?

A

Histamine and NO

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3
Q

What is margination?

A

As the rate of blood flow slows in vasodilation WBCs move to the edges of vessels

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4
Q

What do pro-inflammatory mediators cause?

A

Increased expression of ICAM and Selectin on endothelial cells which bind glycoproteins and integrins respectively on WBC surface

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5
Q

What is rolling?

A

When bonds between endothelial vessel wall cells and WBCs are initially weak and WBCs can move along the walls of the vessels

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6
Q

What is the function of chemokines?

A

They are released from site of injury and bind endothelial cells, then increase the affinity of their binding

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7
Q

What is pavementing?

A

WBCs flatten against the vessel wall

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8
Q

What is migration/diapedisis?

A

WBCs extend pseudopods through gaps in endothelial wall and move out of the vessel

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9
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Once outside vessels, WBCs follow concentration gradient towards to site of injury established by chemokines

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10
Q

What are examples of chemokines?

A

C5a
Interleukins
Leukotrines

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11
Q

What is the main WBC?

A

Neutrophil

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12
Q

What are the features of neutrophils?

A

Multilobed (polymorph)

Granulocytes int he cytoplasm

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13
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis

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14
Q

What are the possible outcomes of inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration
Organisation
Chronic inflammation

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15
Q

When will restoration occur?

A

The site can renew well
Good blood supply
Source of injury removed easily and quickly

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16
Q

What is suppuration?

A

Formation of pus - collection of dead cells

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17
Q

When will organisation happen?

A

Poor blood supply
Extensive cell death and necrosis
Lots of fibrin produced
Tissue type has limited regenerative capacity

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18
Q

What can organisation result in?

A

Granulation tissue

Fibrosis and scarring

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19
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

Tissue formed to facilitate healing if damage goes beyond basement membrane
Capillaries formed and myofibroblasts lay down collagen and smooth muscle

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20
Q

How is fibrosis and scarring formed, and what is the problem with it?

A

Neutrophils, then macrophages, then fibroblasts lat down collagen
Loss of function

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21
Q

What is the predominant cell of chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocyte

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22
Q

When is chronic inflammation likely?

A

Suppuration produced walled areas of pus (called abscess or empyema)
Infection is caused by virus or is persistent
Autoimmune cause

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23
Q

What can chronic inflammation produce?

A

Granulomas

Caseous necrosis

24
Q

What are granulomas, why are they formed, and what is a condition that classically causes them?

A

Aggregate of epithelioid histiocytes or organised collection of macrophages
Formed when immune system cannot eliminate percieved foreign material
Sarcoidosis

25
Q

What are the two causes of cell death?

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

26
Q

What are the types of necrosis?

A

Coagulative - preserved cell outline filled with fibrosis
Liquefactive no structure remains
Caseous - area of necrosis surrounded by granulomatous inflammation

27
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

28
Q

When is apoptosis physiological?

A

Normal growth
Loss of self-reactive lymphocytes
Hormonally resulted processes

29
Q

How does apoptosis occur?

A

Via caspases that cleave DNA

30
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

Loss of growth signals - replacement of anti-apoptotic molecules with Bak and Bax increase permeability of the mitochondria, release proteins that stimulate caspases

31
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

Cell membrane receptors bind and activate caspases

32
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number in response to stimulus

33
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size

34
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Reduction in cell size

35
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Any new growth

36
Q

What is a malignant growth?

A

Growth that has spread path basement membrane the can metastasise - cancer

37
Q

What is a precursor lesion?

A

A stage where a cell is at high risk of becoming malignant

38
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Reversible change from one mature cell type to another

39
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disordered cell growth but no invasion past basement membrane

40
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

Dysplasia affecting the whole basement membrane - the last stage before malignancy

41
Q

What are features of a benign tumour?

A

Symmetrical
Encapsulated
Homogenous
Well differentiated

42
Q

What are features of a malignant tumour?

A 
Poorly defined and irregular edges
Hetrogenous
Pleomorphism (all cells look different)
High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Purple when stained
Poorly differentiated
43
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant squamous epithelium tumours?

A

Benign - papilloma

Malignant - carcinoma

44
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant glandular epithelium tumours?

A

Benign - adenoma

Malignant - adenocarcinoma

45
Q

What are the names of benign and malignant mesenchymal tumours?

A

Benign - _oma

Malignant - _sarcoma

46
Q

What is the grading of a tumour?

A

How well differentiated

47
Q

What is the staging of a tumour?

A

How far has it spread - TNM

48
Q

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

A 
Sustains proliferative signalling
Evading growth suppressors
Avoid immune destruction
Enabling replicative immortality
Tumour promoting inflammation
Activating invasion and metastasis
Inducing angiogenesis
Genome instability and mutation
Resisting cell death
Deregulating cellular energetics
49
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Genes that when activated will cause cancer

50
Q

What are porto-oncogenes?

A

Normal genes involved in cell growth and division which if mutated can cause cancer

51
Q

What are tumour suppressors?

A

Genes that try to prevent cancer formation

52
Q

What is an example of a tumour suppressor?

A

p53

53
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Intravascular activation of coagulation

54
Q

When is thrombosis more likely?

A

If Virchow’s triad present

55
Q

What is embolism?

A

Part of thrombosis has dislodges from site of formation and travels until lodges

56
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

Insufficient blood flow to tissue

57
Q

What is infarction?

A

Death of tissue due to lack of blood supply and hypoxic cell injury

Y1 - Principles (11 decks)

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