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Y1 - Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the natural barriers of the innate response?

A 
Physical barrier
Physiological barrier
Sebaceous secretions
Mucous
Commensal bacteria
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2
Q

What are the main cells of the adaptive immune response?

A

B and T cells

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3
Q

What are the differences between the innate and adaptive response?

A

Innate is rapid, adaptive is slow
Innate has no memory, adaptive does
Innate is non-specific, adaptive is specific
Innate uses PAMPs and PRRs and adaptive uses antigens and antibodies

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4
Q

What are the cells of the innate system?

A 
Macrophages
NK cells
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Dendritic cells
Mast cells
Complement proteins
CRP
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5
Q

What do PAMP and PRR stand for?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

Pattern Recognition Receptors

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6
Q

Which cell has a kidney bean nucleus?

A

Macrophages

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7
Q

Where do macrophages reside?

A

Exposed epithelium - lungs, skin, intestine

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8
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Phagocytic killing
Also use ROS induced by interferon gamma
Clear away debris
TNFa production

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9
Q

What are different names for macrophages?

A

Kupffer cells in liver

Alveolar macrophages in lungs

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10
Q

What is the appearance of NK cells?

A

Granular

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11
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

Degranulation, release of perforin

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12
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

Kill abnormal/infected cells

Produce interferon gamma

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13
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Circulate in blood stream and migrate to infected areas via transendothelial migration
Kill by phagocytosis, degranulation, NETs

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14
Q

How do neutrophils migrate to an area?

A

Chemokines cause blood vessels to becomes leaky

Blood stasis cause WBC marginalisation, rolling and adhesions via ICAM and VCAM

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15
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

the movement of cells due to a chemical gradient

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16
Q

What does raised neutrophils in the blood suggest?

A

Acute inflammation

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17
Q

What is the most common WBC?

A

Neutrophil

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18
Q

Describe the nucleus of neutrophils?

A

Multi-lobed

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19
Q

Neutrophils are short-lived, true or false?

A

True

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20
Q

Describe the appearance of basophils?

A

Bilobed nucleus
Stained blue
Granules

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21
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Act as effector cells in allergic reaction

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22
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Allergy

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23
Q

Describe the appearance of eosinophils?

A

Bilobed nucleus

Stained red

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24
Q

What is the example of antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells

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25
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Phagocytose pathogens and then present the antigens to T cells via MHC class II molecules

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26
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

Allergy
Kill large antibody-coated parasites that can’t be phagocytosed
Release histamine, heparin - degranulation

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27
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

The coating of pathogens by soluble factors (opsonins) that enhance phagocytosis

28
Q

What are examples of opsonins?

A

C3b
CRP
IgG
IgM

29
Q

Where are complement proteins produced?

A

Liver

30
Q

What are the 3 pathways of complement system activation?

A

Classical pathway
MBL pathway
Alternative pathway

31
Q

What is the classical pathway?

A

IgG and IgM activate the complement cascade

32
Q

What are the outcomes of the complement cascade?

A

Opsonisation enhances phagocytosis
MAC allow pathogen killing
C3a and C5a cause acute inflammation

33
Q

What is the alternative pathway?

A

C3b, produced by C3, activates C3 again

34
Q

What are the effects of acute inflammation?

A 
Swelling
Dolor - pain
Calor - heat
Rubor - redness
Functio laesa - loss of function
35
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

36
Q

How and where do lymphocytes usually circulate?

A

Found the primary lymphatic tissue in inactive form

37
Q

What activates B and T cells?

A

Antigen presentation

38
Q

What needs to happen for B cell activation?

A

Antigens present and signals from T helper cells

39
Q

What happens after B cell activation?

A

They proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

40
Q

Which region of the antibody do antigens bind to?

A

Fc region

41
Q

What is the first immunoglobin produced?

A

IgM

42
Q

What is the shape of IgM?

A

Pentametric

43
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A

B cell activation and complement system activation through the classical pathway

44
Q

What is the most abundant imunoglobin?

A

IgG

45
Q

What is the shape of IgG?

A

Monometric

46
Q

What are the functions of IgG?

A 
Foetal immunity
Complement activation
NK cell activation
Opsonisation
Agglutination
47
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The clumping of antigens together to enhance phagocytosis

48
Q

Which immunoglobin is important in neonatal immunity, and when does this take effect?

A

IgA

6 months after birth

49
Q

What is the other function of IgA

A

Secretions

50
Q

What is the function fo IgE?

A

Allergy

51
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

B cell activation

52
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

53
Q

What are the types of T cell?

A

CD4+ helper cells
CD8+ cytotoxic cells
Regulatory T cells
Memory T cells

54
Q

What is the function of CD4+ T cells?

A

Activate B cells and stimulate proliferation of memory B cells

55
Q

What is the function of CD8+ T cells?

A

Kill infected cells via perforin/granzymes/granulysin

56
Q

What is the function of regulatory T cells?

A

Lymphocyte suppression

57
Q

How are antigens presented by MHC molecules?

A

Antigens are presented by MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

58
Q

What is the difference between Th1 cells and Tfh cells?

A

Th1 - help macrophages

Tfh - help B cells

59
Q

Which cells need MHC molecules?

A

T cells

60
Q

What is the function of MHC?

A

Display peptide antigens to TCR on T cells

61
Q

What is the difference between class 1 and 2 MHC?

A

Class 1 - present on all nucleated cells, present to CD8+ killer T cells
Class 2 - present only on APC, present to CD4+ helper T cells

62
Q

What is type 1 hypersensitivity, and what is an example?

A

IgE mediated
Mast cells and eosinophils
Happens in seconds
Allergy

63
Q

What is type 2 hypersensitivity, and what is an example?

A 
IgM and IgG
NK cells
Antigen bound to cell surface
Onset is seconds to hours
Goodpasture's
64
Q

What is type 3 hypersensitivity, and what is an example?

A 
Immune complex mediated
Antibody to soluble antigen
IgG, neutrophils
Onset is in hours
Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis
65
Q

What is type 4 hypersensitivity, and what is an example?

A

Delayed hypersensitivity
Macrophages, T cells
Onset is in days
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, TB, sarcoiosis

Y1 - Principles (11 decks)

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