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Y1 - Principles > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which colour are gram positive and negative organism stained?

A

Gram positive - purple

Gram negative - pink

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2
Q

Why are gram positive organisms stained purple?

A

Gram negatives have a thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall, which retains the crystal violet in the stain

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3
Q

What are the different shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci
Bacilli
Spiral

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4
Q

What are cocci in strips, and what are cocci in clusters?

A

Strips - streptococci

Clusters - staphylococci

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5
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

Binary fission

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6
Q

Which bacteria secrete endotoxin and exotoxin?

A

Endo - gram negative

Exo - gram positive

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7
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

One that usually causes problems in immunocompromised patients

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8
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

Ability of an organism to cause disease/infect host

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9
Q

What is virulence?

A

Degree of pathogenicity/severity of disease in host

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10
Q

Are staph and strep gram positive or negative?

A

Positive

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11
Q

Are staph and strep aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

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12
Q

Which test is done for staph, and which for strep?

A

Staph - coagulase test

Strep - haemolysis

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13
Q

What are examples of alpha haemolytic strep?

A

Strep pneumoniae

Strep viridans

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14
Q

What are examples of beta haemolytic strep?

A

Group A strep

Group B strep

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15
Q

What are examples of non-haemolytic (gamma) strep?

A

Enterococcus

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16
Q

What are coagulase positive staph?

A

Just staph aureus

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17
Q

What does staph aureus look like on haemolysis?

A

Golden cocci in clusters

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18
Q

What are coagulase negative staph?

A

Staph epidermidis

19
Q

What does strep pneumoniae cause?

A

Pneumonia

Meningitis

20
Q

What does strep viridans cause?

A

Endocarditis

21
Q

What does group A strep cause?

A

Throat and skin infection

22
Q

What does staph aureus cause?

A

Wound or skin infection

Lots more

23
Q

What does staph epidermidis cause?

A

Skin commensal

IV line infection

24
Q

Describe clostridium sp

A

gram positive anaerobic bacilli

25
Q

What is alpha haemolysis?

A

Partial haemolysis - green

26
Q

What is beta haemolysis?

A

Complete haemolysis

27
Q

What is gamma haemolysis?

A

No haemolysis

28
Q

What are gram negative strict aerobic bacilli?

A

Legionella

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

29
Q

What are gram negative aerobic cocci (diplococci)?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Neisseria meningitides

30
Q

What are gram negative aerobic bacilli?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

31
Q

What are gram negative aerobic coliform (large bacilli)?

A

E coli

Klebiella

32
Q

What are microaerophilic gram negative bacilli?

A

Campylobacter

Helicobacter (spiral)

33
Q

What is the first line treatment of coliforms?

A

Gentamicin

34
Q

What is the process of viral replication?

A 
Attachment
Entry
Uncoating
Nucleic acid and protein synthesis
Assembly
Release
35
Q

What do bactericidal and bacteriostatic mean?

A

Bactericidal - kill bacteria

Bacteriostatic - inhibit bacterial growth

36
Q

What are the sites that antibiotics can work on?

A

Cell wall
Ribosome
DNA

37
Q

Which antibiotics work on the cell wall?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins (e.g. ceftriaxone)
Glycopeptides (e.g. vancomycin)
All bactericidal

38
Q

When is flucloxacillin used?

A

Skin and soft tissue infection, wound infection in adults

39
Q

How do penicillins and cephalosporins work on the cell wall?

A

Stop cross linking and cause autolysins to degrade cell wall

40
Q

Are penicillins safe in pregnancy?

A

Yes

41
Q

Which antibiotics act on ribosomes?

A

Macrolides (e.g. erythromycin)
Tetracyclines (e.g. doxycycline)
Aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin)

42
Q

Which organisms does gentamicin generally act against?

A

Gram negative

43
Q

Which antibiotics act on bacterial DNA?

A

Metronidazole
Trimethoprim
Fluroquinolones

44
Q

What are the 4Cs?

A

Cephalosporins
Co-amoxiclav
Ciprofloxacin
Clindamycin

Y1 - Principles (11 decks)

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