Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENT Year 2 Medicine > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Collection of dead skin cells which become stuck in the ear, release enzymes which break down bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What usually happens to the ear drum preceding cholesteatoma?

A

Retraction of the ear drum creating pockets in which the dead skin cells can collect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What nerve is affected in vestibular schwannoma ?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII within the temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What symptoms does someone present with in vestibular schwannoma?

A

Hearing loss
Tinitus
Dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What should be considered if a young patient presents with bilateral vestibular schwannoma?

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is neurofibromatosis type 2?

A

Autosomal dominant sporadic mutation

Encodes for the merlin protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does the mutation occur in neurofibromatosis type 2?

A

Ch22q12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What clinical signs are present in neurofibromatosis type 2?

A

Cafe au lait spots

Cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the causes of nasal polyps?

A

Allergic
Infection
Asthma
Nickel exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If a young patient <20 presents with nasal polyps what is the risk?

A

Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is glomerulonephritis with polyangitis?

A

Small vessel vasculitis with necrosis (ulceration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the clinical presentation of someone with glomerulonephritis and polyangitis?

A

SOB, wheeze, cough, Rhinorrhea, septal ulcers
Glomerulonephritis, Haematuria
Increased BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glomerulonephritis is pANCA +ve. T/F?

A

False

cANCA +VE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are most malignant tumours of the nose squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Irritation of the respiratory epithelium and subsequent metaplasia as squamous cells are more resistant to irritation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who are usually affected by sinonasal papillomas?

A

Over 50 male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What three types of sinonasal papillomas are there?

A

Inverted
Exophytic
Oncocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What factors increase the risk of sinonasal polyps?

A

HPV
Smoking
Organic solvents
Welding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is primary presenting complaint of someone with sinonasal polyps?

A

Blocked nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the risk of malignant change in sinonasal polyps?

A

Very low they very rarely undergo malignant change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What has a strong causative link to nasopharyngeal carcinomas?

A

Ebsteinn barr virus

Volatile nitrosamines

21
Q

What are risk factors for developing nasopharyngeal carcinomas?

A 
Occupational exposure to hard wood dust, formaldehyde
Family history
Smoking
Alcohol
HPV
22
Q

What is the prognosis for someone with nasopharyngeal carcinomas?

A

Highly malignant locally invasive with early lymphatic spread.

23
Q

What cancer is Ebsteinn Barr virus linked to?

A

Hodgkins lymphoma

Excessive B cell proliferation due to T helper cells being hijacked by the virus.

24
Q

What are laryngeal polyps?

A

A reactive change secondary to vocal abuse or infection

25
Q

What endocrine condition can rarely present with laryngeal polyps?

A

Hypothyroidism

26
Q

What two age groups are affected by squamous papillomas?

A

<5 years

20-40 years

27
Q

How are children affected by squamous papilloma?

A

Usually a more aggressive disease profile but regresses during puberty
Risk of malignancy

28
Q

What are some risk factors for childhood squamous papillomas?

A

vaginal delivery

29
Q

In adults how do squamous papillomas present?

A

Often solitary papillomas.

30
Q

How do squamous papillomas present histologically?

A

Finger like projections with a fibrovascular core and squamous cover.

31
Q

What are paragangliomas?

A

Clusters of neuroendocrine cells

32
Q

What do sympathetic paragangliomas do and where are they generally located?

A

Secrete catelchoamines

Paravertebral sites

33
Q

Where are parasympathetic paragangliomas generally found?

A

Related to the great vessels of the head and neck.

34
Q

How common are paragangliomas and what condition are they linked to?

A

Very rare, if present they are often part of a MEN2

35
Q

What do paragangliomas look like histologically?

A

Nest of round neuroendocrine cells surrounded by a delicate vascular septum.

36
Q

If a patient presents with a squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx what is the most likely cause?

A

HPV type 16

37
Q

What is the prognosis of someone with a HPV type 16 related squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx?

A

Very good as it responds to therapy very well

38
Q

What risk factors for squamous cell carcinomas are there?

A

Smoking and alcohol

39
Q

What is a sialolithiasis ?

A

Stones within the salivary glands

40
Q

If a young patient presents with a unilaterally painful salivary gland what do you think?

A

Consider a tumour, parotid is the most common tumour

41
Q

Who is generally affected by a pleomorphic adenoma?

A

Women between 30-70 who have had a past exposure to radiation.

42
Q

What is the risk associated with pleomorphic adenomas?

A

Very difficult to excise due to risk of recurence

Longstanding risk of malignant transformation

43
Q

How do pleomorphic adenomas present histologically?

A

Well circumscribed partially encapsulated

Epithelial/ myoepithelia cells

44
Q

Who is generally affected with worthing tumours?

A

Male over 50

45
Q

How do Worthings tumours present?

A

Linked to the parotids, bilateral multi centric

Well circumscribed but can be cystic

46
Q

How do mucoepidermidoid carcinomas present?

A

Well circumscribed often infiltrative
Varied squamous or mucous cells
Cystic or solid

47
Q

How do adenoid cystic carcinomas present?

A

Grey white infiltrative mass
Skip lesions
Cribiform punched out appearance

48
Q

What 4 types of tumours affect the salivary glands?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma
Worthings tumour
Mucoepidermidoid carcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma

ENT Year 2 Medicine (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions