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ENT Year 2 Medicine > Anatomy of the Ear > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerves supply sensory innervation to the outer ear?

A

Spinal Nerves C2 and C3
CN VII - Facial
CN V3 - Auriculotemporal a branch of the trigeminal nerve

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2
Q

What nerves supply the sensory innervation to the auditory canal?

A

CN X Vagus nerve

CN V3 Auriculotemporal a branch of the trigeminal nerve

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3
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

The tympanic cavity

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4
Q

What three bones are located in the tympanic cavity?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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5
Q

What joints are found between the three bones in the tympanic cavity?

A

Synovial - reduce friction and allow smooth movement.

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6
Q

What is special about the bones in the tympanic cavity?

A

You are born with fully developed bones, they don’t undergo osteoclast or blast activity.

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7
Q

What two muscles are found in the tympanic cavity?

A

Tensor Tympani

Stapedius Muscle

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8
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani?

A

Reduces the noise from chewing by dampening the vibration caused by the malleus.

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9
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscle and why is this key to its function?

A

CN V3 Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
This is the nerve that controls chewing, firing off this causes both mastication and the dampening of the malleus so you don’t hear yourself chew.

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10
Q

What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

A

Dampens the stapes, thus reducing the vibrations passed into the oval window.

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11
Q

What is the acoustic reflex?

A

Shouting involves CNV3 being activated to open the jaw, this also excites both the stapedius and tensor tympani so the sound is reduced for us.

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12
Q

How is the stapes connected to the otic capsule?

A

The stapes plate fits within the oval capsule.

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13
Q

How does the tympanic cavity amplify sound?

A

The tympanic membrane is much larger that the plate of the stapes, this acts as a piston, as same amount of energy is exerted from a smaller surface area.

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14
Q

What maintains the pressure within the middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

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15
Q

Where does the Eustachian tube exit?

A

Exits in the nasopharynx

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16
Q

Why is it important to regulate air pressure in the middle ear?

A

As it will affect the oscillations of the ossicles and the tympanic membrane.
Reduced potential for barotrauma

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17
Q

What muscles are involved in the opening of the Eustachian tube?

A

Palate muscles

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18
Q

Why can tonsilitis or pharyngitis mimic ear ache?

A

Common sensory nerve supply - CN IX

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19
Q

What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the tympanic cavity?

A

CN IX Glossopharyngeal nerve

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20
Q

What forms the promontory within the middle ear?

A

The cochlea

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21
Q

What lays over the promontory?

A

Tympanic plexus

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22
Q

What organ process sound and converts it into action potentials?

A

The organ of corti

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23
Q

Where is the otic capsule located?

A

Within the temporal bone

24
Q

What is the bony labyrinth?

A

Cavity of the otic capsule filled with perilymph

25
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth?

A

Suspended within the bony labyrinth filled with endolymph

26
Q

Which part of the inner ear is associated with sound?

A

Cochlear

27
Q

Within the cochlear duct how is it divided?

A

Central organ of corti surrounded by the Scala tympani and Scala vestibuli

28
Q

Where in the organ of corti are the cilia located?

A

Located on the basilar membrane

29
Q

How are the cilia within the organ of corti moved to trigger an action potential?

A

Waves are created by the vibrations of the stapes foot in the perilymph. These waves push on the membrane of the organ of corti which moves the cilia.

30
Q

How do the waves exit the cochleae?

A

Via the circular window

31
Q

Where within the cochlea are his frequency noises processed?

A

Near the beginning the further along the cochlea the lower the frequency.

32
Q

What are the three semicircular ducts?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

33
Q

What plane is the anterior semicircular duct found?

A

Sagital

34
Q

What plane is the posterior semicircular duct found?

A

Coronal

35
Q

What plane is the lateral semicircular duct found?

A

Axial

36
Q

What kind of movement do semicircular ducts detect?

A

Angular movement

37
Q

What makes up the vestibular section of the inner ear?

A

The utricle and the saccule and three semicircular ducts

38
Q

What is the vestibules function?

A

Balance and perception of head movement

39
Q

What does the utricle detect?

A

Horizontal head movement

40
Q

What does the saccule detect?

A

Vertical head movement

41
Q

Within the semicircular ducts where are the cilia located?

A

The ampulla

42
Q

What sits on top of the cilia in the utricle and saccule?

A

Otoconia (crystal balls)

43
Q

What is the vestibular occular reflex?

A

Semicircular ducts detect movement and relay directly to the eye

44
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

Fast involuntary eye movement?

45
Q

What is important to remember in regards to nystagmus?

A

The eye movement is away from the sight of the lesion.

46
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Motor control to the neck spine and legs

47
Q

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve pass through to exit the inner ear?

A

The internal auditory meatus

48
Q

What to nerves make up the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

The vestibular

The cochlear

49
Q

What cranial nerve CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear

50
Q

What passes through the internal auditory meatus?

A

Cranial nerves CN VII and CNVIII

Labyrinth arteries and veins

51
Q

What is cranial nerve CNVII

A

Facial nerve

52
Q

What does CN VII supply

A

Parasympathetic secretomotor to lacrimal gland and eye
Special sense - Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
Somatic motor to the face

53
Q

What branch of the facial nerve supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda Tympani

54
Q

What branch of the facial nerve supplies secretory function to the eyes?

A

Greater petrosal nerve

55
Q

What controls the pitch?

A

Frequency of waves

56
Q

Whats controls the intensity?

A

Amplitude of the waves

ENT Year 2 Medicine (12 decks)

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