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ENT Year 2 Medicine > Anatomy of speech and swallowing > Flashcards

Anatomy of speech and swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles of mastications are there?

A

Lateral and medial pterygoid
Temporalis
Masseter

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2
Q

What nerve innervates all the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

CN V3

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3
Q

What muscle tightens the labial seal?

A

Orbicularis oris

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4
Q

What muscles tightens the buccal cavity?

A

Buccinator

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5
Q

What nerve innervates both the orbiculares oris and the buccinator?

A

Facial muscle

CN VII

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6
Q

What cranial nerve is the facial nerve?

A

CN VII

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7
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the soft palate?

A

Vagus nerve

CN X

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8
Q

What muscle within the tongue isn’t supplied by CNXII

A

Palatoglossal

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9
Q

What are the four muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus

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10
Q

What bones make up the hard palate?

A

Palatine process of the Maxilla

Horizontal plate of the Palatine

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11
Q

What lines the hard palate and why?

A

Keratinised squamous epithelium

Keratin is more resistant

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12
Q

What ridges are found on the hard palate and what is there function?

A

Palatal rugae

These ridges increase the friction on the food bolus

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13
Q

What nerve innervates the hard palate?

A

CN V2

Maxillary branch of the facial nerve

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14
Q

What is the name of cranial nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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15
Q

What phases make up deglutition (swallowing)?

A

Oral - voluntarily
Pharyngeal - involuntarily
Oesophageal - involuntarily

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16
Q

Why is it key that the pharyngeal phase lasts less than 1 second?

A

As need to maintain the airway to breath.

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17
Q

What two muscles of the tongue create the posterior pressure.

A

Stylohyoid

Hypoglossus

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18
Q

What muscles cause hyolaryngeal elevation?

A

Suprahyoid and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles

19
Q

Why is hyolaryngeal elevation so important in swallowing?

A

Forces epiglottis inferior to the tongue and covers the laryngeal aditus - protecting airway.

20
Q

What is the upper sphincter?

A

Cricopharyngeus

21
Q

What is the cricopharyngeus?

A

Complete circular ring around the cricoid cartilage which serves to control entry to the oesophagus.

22
Q

What nerve innervates the cricopharyngeus?

A

External laryngeal - branch of the vagus

CN X

23
Q

What nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the pharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal

CN IX

24
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply sensory innervation too?

A

Posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Palatine tonsils
Wall of the oropharynx

25
Q

What nerve supplies motor innervation to the walls of the pharynx leading to constriction?

A

Vagus CN X

26
Q

Contraction of what muscle causes separation of the vocal folds?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

27
Q

Contraction of the cricoarytenoid muscle causes what type of movement and what joint?

A

Lateral rotation at the cricoarytenoid joint.

28
Q

Contraction of what muscles causes a narrowing but not complete closing of the vocal folds?

A

Oblique arytenoid

29
Q

Contraction of what muscle causes the complete closing of the vocal folds?

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid

30
Q

Contraction of this muscle tenses the vocal ligaments

A

Cricothyroid

31
Q

Increasing the tension in the vocal ligaments leads to what?

A

Increased pitch

32
Q

What muscle causes relaxation of the vocal ligaments?

A

Thyroarytenoid muscle

33
Q

Decreasing the tension in the vocal ligaments leads to what?

A

Decreasing the pitch

34
Q

Why do men generally have a lower pitched voice?

A

During puberty they are exposed to higher levels of growth hormone and testosterone, as a result the ligaments are thicker. Like. guitar string the thicker the string the lower the sound produced.

35
Q

What nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscles?

A

External laryngeal nerve

36
Q

What nerve innervates the thyroarytenoid muscle?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

37
Q

Which is the only muscle involved in phonation which isn’t innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve?

A

Cricothyroid

38
Q

What nerve innervates the mucosa of the suppraglottis?

above the vocal folds

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

39
Q

What nerve innervates the mucosa of the sub glottis?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

40
Q

At what level does the Vagus nerve give off the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Level of the hyoid C3

41
Q

What branches does the superior laryngeal nerve give off?

A

Internal and External laryngeal nerve

42
Q

What is dysphonia?

A

Impaired ability to produce appropriate level of phonation.

43
Q

How are oral sound produced?

A

Air directed into the oral cavity.

Soft palate tenses an descends CN X

44
Q

What sounds are considered Nasal ?

ENT Year 2 Medicine (12 decks)

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