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PRINCIPLES > PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

mechanisms of inflammation:

A 
Vascular
Infection
Neoplastic
Drugs
Iatrogenic
Congenital
Autoimmune
Trauma
Endocrine
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2
Q

vascular inflammation changes

A

decreased fluid and increased viscosity

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3
Q

what increases neutrophilic integrin and ligand expression

A

C5a

TNFa

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4
Q

what increases endothelial ICAM, VCAM, selectin expression

A

IL-1, endotoxins andTNF

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5
Q

what causes swelling s a clinical sign

A

endothelial cells constrict and create a leaky vessel

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6
Q

what is in fluid exudate

A

Igs

fibrinogen

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7
Q

chemical mediators (5)

A 
histamines
seretonin
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
chemokines
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8
Q

histamine function

A

increase dilation

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9
Q

histamine origin

A

mast cells
eosinophils
basophils
platelets

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10
Q

seretonin

A

increase permeability

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11
Q

prostaglandins

A

increase permeability and platelet agreggation

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12
Q

infarction

A

cell death low 02

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13
Q

ischaemia

A

cell damage low blood

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14
Q

reversible time for cardiac injury

A

20 mins

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15
Q

complications of failed NKATPase failure

A

K+ high in cell - swelling

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16
Q

Ca+ high in cell activates…

A

ATPase
phospholipase
proteases
endonucleases

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17
Q

permeable membrane from phosphlipase causes

A

mitochondrial leak of pro-death factors

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18
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

CNS

liquid vicous mass

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19
Q

caseous necrosis

A

dead cells

cheesy

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20
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

CV

death before phagocytosis

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21
Q

cell changes due to increased demand

A

hyperplasia

hypertrophy

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22
Q

cell changes due to decreased demand

A

atrophy

metaplasia

23
Q

physiological hyperplasia

A

breast and uterine tisse

24
Q

stimulatory factors of hypertrophy and hyperplasia

A

tyrosine kinase coupled receptors

g coupled receptors

25
Q

G1 cyclin -> CDK -> effect

A

D
4
Rb phospharylates - E2F stimulates division

26
Q

S phase cyclin -> CDK -> effect

A

A
2
DNA replication

27
Q

atrophy hormones

A

thyroid and glucocorticoid

28
Q

extrinsic apoptotic pathway

A

TNF and Fas ligand activate caspase cascade

29
Q

intrinsic apoptosis pathway

A

growth signals activate BAK
increased mitochondrial permeability
cytochtome C released
caspase cascade

30
Q

risks for cancer

A 
genetic
lifestyle
chemicals
radiation 
infection 
chronic inflammation
precursor lesions
31
Q

precursor lesions

A

hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia

32
Q

incorrect stem cell signalling causes what growth

A

metaplastic

33
Q

how can obesity and associated high cholesterol cause (multifactorially) endometrial cancer

A

cholesterol mimics oestrogen steroid hormone due to structure
increased production causes hyperplasia in the uterine lining

34
Q

radiation causing cancer

A

forms pyrimidine dimers in DNA

NER is overwhelmed

35
Q

HPV causes cancer how…

A

oncogenes bind to Rb

36
Q

cancers likely from chronic inflammation

A

lymphoma

37
Q

papilloma and ademona are…

A

benign growths

38
Q

pleomorphic growths are…

A

malignant

39
Q

high N:C ratio appears as what histologically

A

dark stain hyperchromasia

40
Q

pathways of cancer intitation

A

oncogene activation
tumour supressor inhibition
mutated DNA repair genes

41
Q

pathways of cancer accumulation

A

evasion of apoptosis and immune system

angiogenesis

42
Q

examples of mutated proteins from RAS RAF

A 
EGRF 
RAS - colon, lung
BRAF
RAF - melenoma and colon
MYC - lymphoma SCLC neuroblastoma
PI3K - haematological
43
Q

inhibited p53 increases which other protein

A

21
inhibits CDKs
more growth

44
Q

BRAC1+2 mutate which protein

A

MLH1 - mismatch repair

45
Q

how do cancers evade apoptosis

A

Bcl2 switches off

46
Q

increased VEGF cuases

A

angiogenesis

47
Q

which protein inhibits T cells

A

PD-L1

48
Q

how do cancers break through basement membrane and vessels

A

Matrix \metalloprotein

49
Q

what is lineage promiscuity + why is it an issue

A

subclones of daughter cancer cells

some may be resistant to initial or first linetreatment

50
Q

high vs low grade

A

low differentiation

high differentiation

51
Q

carcinomas are… + 3 types

A

epithelial

adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma (bladder)

52
Q

sarcoma are… + 4 types

A

CT

osteosarcoma
liposarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
rhabomyosarcoma 
agiosarcoma
53
Q

what is paraneoplastic disease

A

non-metestatic systemic effects accompanying disease

PRINCIPLES (11 decks)

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