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PRINCIPLES > BIOCHEM > Flashcards

BIOCHEM Flashcards

1
Q

bonds according to strength

A

covalent>ionic>hydrogen>hydrophobic>van der waals

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2
Q

lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

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3
Q

carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides (glucose)
disaccharides (lactose)
poolysaccharides (glycogen)

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4
Q

amphipathic

A

hydrophobic/phillic ends - forms micelles

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5
Q

primary to quarternary protein structure

A
  1. amino acids
  2. polypeptide backbone
  3. 3D - hydrogen and VDWs
  4. subunits arrange + prosthetic groups added
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6
Q

function of smooth ER

A

steroid synthesis

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7
Q

rough ER

A

polypeptide synthesis

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

TCA cycle, ATP synthesis

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9
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies ER materials

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10
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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11
Q

Purines

A

adenine, guanine

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12
Q

Pyrimides

A

uracil, thyamine, cytosine

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13
Q

x unwinds DNA

A

helicase

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14
Q

which end is free in leading strand

A

3’

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15
Q

mRNA uses which polymerase

A

pol II

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16
Q

steps of transcription

A
  1. RNA polmerase binds (initation sites + trans factors)
  2. DNA separates - helicase
  3. Initiation
  4. Elongation 5’ to 3’
  5. Termination
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17
Q

start codon

A

AUG

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18
Q

stop codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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19
Q

peptide bond forming enzyme

A

peptidyl transferase

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20
Q

EAP sites

A

Exit
peptidyl
aminoacyl

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21
Q

steps of translation

A
  1. intiation - at P site
  2. elongation - at A site
  3. termination - stops when A reaches STOP
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22
Q

glycolysis - location and yield

A

cytoplasm = 2 ATP

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23
Q

glycolysis enzymes

A

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvates kinase

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24
Q

phosphofructokinase modulators

A

+ AMP, fructose, 2,6 - biphosphate

- ATP, citrate, H+

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25
Q

fates of glucose

A

pyruvate, lactate, storage, ribose-5-phosphate

26
Q

warburg effect

A

weight loss in cancer patients due to rapid anaerobic metabolism from tumours with low Km hexokinase

27
Q

treating warburg effect

A

2 deoxy glucose - blocks G6P

3 bromopyruvate

28
Q

TCA cycle yields

A

3NAD + H+
FADH2
GDP
2CO2

29
Q

TCA enzymes

A 
succinate dehydrogenase
pyruvate dehydrogenase (absence = neurological disease)
fumarate hydratase (can cause tumour if defficient)
30
Q

Respiratory Chain

A

NADH FADH2 reduce O2 to water
H+ coupled transport to inner membrane
-ve matrix creates backflow - ATPase

31
Q

artificial UCP is what sort of drug e.g.

A

anti-obesity 2,4 dinitrophenol

32
Q

co-enzyme vs co-factor

A

organic vs inorganic

33
Q

apoenzymes vs holoenzyme

A

no co-factor vs co-factor

34
Q

isozymes creatin kinases

A

M - skeletal muscle
BB - brain (stroke)
MB - heart (MI)

35
Q

pancreas zymogens

A

trypsoinogen, chymotrypsinogen

36
Q

small intestine zymogens

A

enteropeptidase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen

37
Q

Vmax

A

maximal rate - at unlimited substrate concentrate

y axis

38
Q

Km

A

michaelis constant
50% Vmax
x axis

39
Q

glucose catabolism stores glycogen - True or False?

A

false - anabolic

40
Q

hexokinase and phosphofructokinase phosphorylate at which functional group?

A

phosphate

41
Q

low Km glucose transporters control…

A

glucose transport in insulin and glucose dependent manner

42
Q

why is Pi not imbalanced in glycolysis

A

triose phosphate pathway usses NAD+ reduction to give a 3 carbon biphosphate intermediate

43
Q

effect on Km and Vmax of product inhibition

A

lower Km

Vmax same

44
Q

what causes upflow of glycolysis in exercise

A

allosteric activation of phrosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase by AM{

45
Q

how is hypoxia resolved by glycolysis

A

2,3 BPG will allosterically modify Hb, low affinity for O2 -> offloading in cells

46
Q

UCP results in

A

electron transport chain without ATP synthesis

47
Q

what do UCPs do

A

dissipates proton gradient

oxidation but no phosphorylation therefore energy is lost as heat.

48
Q

where deltaH is positive

A

the reaction is not spontaneous

49
Q

ATP hydrolysis is an endogenic reaction T/F

A

False - exorgenic

50
Q

calculating gibbs free energy

A

ΔG° = -RT ln K
R is the gas constant with a value of 8.314 J K-1mol-1.

T is the temperature of the reaction in Kelvin

51
Q

alpha amino acid carbon is bonded to what:

A
  • NH2
  • COOH
  • H
  • Residual
52
Q

where is peptidyl bond rotation

A

between nitrogen and carbonyl groups

53
Q

peptide bond formation

A

alpha carbon of amino acid is a nucleophile - displacing hydroxyl of other amino acid

54
Q

The ion product of water is controlled by

A

The Kw of pure water is constant therefore a decrease in [H+] must be matched by a proportionate increase in [OH-] and vice versa

55
Q

pKa calculates what ratio:

A

the ratio of unprotonated:protonated acid

56
Q

henderson Hasselbalch Equation

A

pH = pKa+ log (A/HA)

57
Q

pKa is smaller and Ka is larger with increasing acid strength true or false

A

true

58
Q

amino acids are acids or bases?

A

both.
COOH donates H+
NH accepts H+

59
Q

what are zwitterions

A

dipolar molecules
buffers of acids and bases
ion charge depends on prevailing pH

60
Q

effect on Hb of glutamic acid to valine

A

sickle cell anaemia - low affinity for FeII

PRINCIPLES (11 decks)

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