BIOCHEM

Question 1

bonds according to strength

Answer 1

covalent>ionic>hydrogen>hydrophobic>van der waals

Question 2

lipids

Answer 2

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Question 3

carbohydrates

Answer 3

monosaccharides (glucose)
disaccharides (lactose)
poolysaccharides (glycogen)

Question 4

amphipathic

Answer 4

hydrophobic/phillic ends - forms micelles

Question 5

primary to quarternary protein structure

Answer 5

1. amino acids
2. polypeptide backbone
3. 3D - hydrogen and VDWs
4. subunits arrange + prosthetic groups added

Question 6

function of smooth ER

Answer 6

steroid synthesis

Question 7

rough ER

Answer 7

polypeptide synthesis

Question 8

mitochondria

Answer 8

TCA cycle, ATP synthesis

Question 9

golgi apparatus

Answer 9

modifies ER materials

Question 10

ribosomes

Answer 10

protein synthesis

Question 11

Purines

Answer 11

adenine, guanine

Question 12

Pyrimides

Answer 12

uracil, thyamine, cytosine

Question 13

x unwinds DNA

Answer 13

helicase

Question 14

which end is free in leading strand

Answer 14

3’

Question 15

mRNA uses which polymerase

Answer 15

pol II

Question 16

steps of transcription

Answer 16

1. RNA polmerase binds (initation sites + trans factors)
2. DNA separates - helicase
3. Initiation
4. Elongation 5’ to 3’
5. Termination

Question 17

start codon

Answer 17

AUG

Question 18

stop codon

Answer 18

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 19

peptide bond forming enzyme

Answer 19

peptidyl transferase

Question 20

EAP sites

Answer 20

Exit
peptidyl
aminoacyl

Question 21

steps of translation

Answer 21

1. intiation - at P site
2. elongation - at A site
3. termination - stops when A reaches STOP

Question 22

glycolysis - location and yield

Answer 22

cytoplasm = 2 ATP

Question 23

glycolysis enzymes

Answer 23

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvates kinase

Question 24

phosphofructokinase modulators

Answer 24

+ AMP, fructose, 2,6 - biphosphate

- ATP, citrate, H+

Question 25

fates of glucose

Answer 25

pyruvate, lactate, storage, ribose-5-phosphate

Question 26

warburg effect

Answer 26

weight loss in cancer patients due to rapid anaerobic metabolism from tumours with low Km hexokinase

Question 27

treating warburg effect

Answer 27

2 deoxy glucose - blocks G6P | 3 bromopyruvate

Question 28

TCA cycle yields

Answer 28

3NAD + H+ FADH2 GDP 2CO2

Question 29

TCA enzymes

Answer 29

``` succinate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase (absence = neurological disease) fumarate hydratase (can cause tumour if defficient) ```

Question 30

Respiratory Chain

Answer 30

NADH FADH2 reduce O2 to water H+ coupled transport to inner membrane -ve matrix creates backflow - ATPase

Question 31

artificial UCP is what sort of drug e.g.

Answer 31

anti-obesity 2,4 dinitrophenol

Question 32

co-enzyme vs co-factor

Answer 32

organic vs inorganic

Question 33

apoenzymes vs holoenzyme

Answer 33

no co-factor vs co-factor

Question 34

isozymes creatin kinases

Answer 34

M - skeletal muscle BB - brain (stroke) MB - heart (MI)

Question 35

pancreas zymogens

Answer 35

trypsoinogen, chymotrypsinogen

Question 36

small intestine zymogens

Answer 36

enteropeptidase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen

Question 37

Vmax

Answer 37

maximal rate - at unlimited substrate concentrate | y axis

Question 38

Km

Answer 38

michaelis constant 50% Vmax x axis

Question 39

glucose catabolism stores glycogen - True or False?

Answer 39

false - anabolic

Question 40

hexokinase and phosphofructokinase phosphorylate at which functional group?

Answer 40

phosphate

Question 41

low Km glucose transporters control...

Answer 41

glucose transport in insulin and glucose dependent manner

Question 42

why is Pi not imbalanced in glycolysis

Answer 42

triose phosphate pathway usses NAD+ reduction to give a 3 carbon biphosphate intermediate

Question 43

effect on Km and Vmax of product inhibition

Answer 43

lower Km | Vmax same

Question 44

what causes upflow of glycolysis in exercise

Answer 44

allosteric activation of phrosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase by AM{

Question 45

how is hypoxia resolved by glycolysis

Answer 45

2,3 BPG will allosterically modify Hb, low affinity for O2 -> offloading in cells

Question 46

UCP results in

Answer 46

electron transport chain without ATP synthesis

Question 47

what do UCPs do

Answer 47

dissipates proton gradient | oxidation but no phosphorylation therefore energy is lost as heat.

Question 48

where deltaH is positive

Answer 48

the reaction is not spontaneous

Question 49

ATP hydrolysis is an endogenic reaction T/F

Answer 49

False - exorgenic

Question 50

calculating gibbs free energy

Answer 50

ΔG° = -RT ln K R is the gas constant with a value of 8.314 J K-1mol-1. T is the temperature of the reaction in Kelvin

Question 51

alpha amino acid carbon is bonded to what:

Answer 51

- NH2 - COOH - H - Residual

Question 52

where is peptidyl bond rotation

Answer 52

between nitrogen and carbonyl groups

Question 53

peptide bond formation

Answer 53

alpha carbon of amino acid is a nucleophile - displacing hydroxyl of other amino acid

Question 54

The ion product of water is controlled by

Answer 54

The Kw of pure water is constant therefore a decrease in [H+] must be matched by a proportionate increase in [OH-] and vice versa

Question 55

pKa calculates what ratio:

Answer 55

the ratio of unprotonated:protonated acid

Question 56

henderson Hasselbalch Equation

Answer 56

pH = pKa+ log (A/HA)

Question 57

pKa is smaller and Ka is larger with increasing acid strength true or false

Answer 57

true

Question 58

amino acids are acids or bases?

Answer 58

both. COOH donates H+ NH accepts H+

Question 59

what are zwitterions

Answer 59

dipolar molecules buffers of acids and bases ion charge depends on prevailing pH

Question 60

effect on Hb of glutamic acid to valine

Answer 60

sickle cell anaemia - low affinity for FeII