Immunology

Question 1

opsonisation factors

Answer 1

C3b, C-reactive protein CRP, IgG/IgM

Question 2

defensive chemical in mucous

Answer 2

IgA
lysozyme, defencins, antimicrobial peptides
cilia

Question 3

chemical defense of commensals

Answer 3

anti-microbial short chain fatty acid
low bowel pH
vit K, B12

Question 4

defenses of skin

Answer 4

tight packed cells
low pH
sebaceous glands - oils and enzymes

Question 5

in cancer cells is MHC 1 or 2 high or low

Answer 5

low MHC 1

Question 6

how are viruses killed

Answer 6

NKCs release perforin - lysis and apoptosis

Question 7

3 methods of ingestion

Answer 7

pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis
phagocytosis

Question 8

how do mast cells kill parasites

Answer 8

1. recognise - PRRs PAMPs
2. degranulate
3. gene expression

Question 9

what enhanced macrophage activation

Answer 9

INFg

Question 10

what creates local inflammation in innate immunity

Answer 10

pro-inflammatory cytokines
nitric oxide
histamines
prostaglandins

Question 11

soluble innate factors

Answer 11

complements
collectins (mannose binding lectin)
pentraxins (CRP)
enzymes

Question 12

chemokines function

Answer 12

promote chemotaxi gradient

promote adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells

Question 13

neutrophilic killing methods

Answer 13

phagolysomal
ROS
degranulation
NETs

Question 14

vascular inflammatory changes

Answer 14

tight junctions lost

adhesion molecules ecpressed - selectin and ICAMs

Question 15

steps of endothelial migration

Answer 15

1. margination - neutrophils move to plasmitic zone
2. binding of ICAMsand selectins
3. migration across endothelium
4. chemotactic movement
5. neutrophil activation

Question 16

why do neutrophils move to plasmitic zone

Answer 16

decreased vascular fluid

increased viscosity of plasma

Question 17

what does IL2 do

Answer 17

T cell proliferation

Question 18

what does IL10 do

Answer 18

anti-inflammatory

Question 19

cytokine examples

Answer 19

INF
TNF
Chemokines
ILs

Question 20

what are the early innate event phases

Answer 20

recognition
activation
effector

Question 21

when does the acute phase occur

Answer 21

trauma
chronic inflammation
infection

Question 22

what liver hepatocyte proteins does the acute phase involve

Answer 22

complement system
CRP
serum Amyloid A

Question 23

what drives the acute phase

Answer 23

pro-inflammatory mediators from marcophages

Question 24

what protein systems does the complement system activate

Answer 24

kinins
coagulation factors
fibrinolytic factors

Question 25

normal CRP range mg/L

Answer 25

<10

Question 26

mild CRP

Answer 26

10-40

Question 27

high CRP

Answer 27

40-200

Question 28

severe CRP

Answer 28

>200

Question 29

outcomes of complement cascade 4

Answer 29

promote inflammation recruit cells kill pathogens solubilse immune complexes

Question 30

b cells are humoral. t/f?

Answer 30

true

Question 31

where do b cells mature

Answer 31

bone marrow

Question 32

CD4+ regulate...

Answer 32

entire system

Question 33

CD8+ kill

Answer 33

virally infected cells

Question 34

factors influencing lymphatic pressure

Answer 34

sympathetic nerves arterial pulse pressure muscle contraction intra-thoracic pressure

Question 35

how do lymphatics drain into blood

Answer 35

via thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

Question 36

lymph nodes monitor...

Answer 36

tissue infection

Question 37

spleen monitors...

Answer 37

blood infection

Question 38

mucosal tissue

Answer 38

throat/GI infection

Question 39

function of b plasma and b memory cells

Answer 39

secrete Igs | long lived circulation

Question 40

what do T cells encourage from B cells

Answer 40

clonal proliferation

Question 41

initial antibody from B cells

Answer 41

IgM

Question 42

what does IgM indicate clinically

Answer 42

recent infection

Question 43

what does agglutination achieve

Answer 43

increased efficacy of microbial elimaination

Question 44

agglutination involves which Igs

Answer 44

IgM IgG

Question 45

neutralisation antibodies

Answer 45

IgG and sIgA

Question 46

phagocytes bind to Fc receptors on which Ig for opsonisation

Answer 46

IgG

Question 47

how is hypogammaglobulin defeated naturally in neonates

Answer 47

sIgA from colostrum + breast milk

Question 48

placental transfer Ig

Answer 48

IgG

Question 49

complement system Igs

Answer 49

IgM and IgG

Question 50

allergy Ig

Answer 50

IgE

Question 51

b cell activation Ig

Answer 51

IgD

Question 52

structure of TCRs

Answer 52

alpha beta heterodimer

Question 53

function of: helper cytotoxic memory t cells

Answer 53

activate immunity kill infected cells long term immunity

Question 54

MHC class 1

Answer 54

on all nucleated cells | present to CD8+

Question 55

MCH class 2

Answer 55

``` on APCs (DCs, macrophages, B cells) CD4+ presenting ```

Question 56

Function of DCs in encouraging T cells

Answer 56

TNFa makes DCs increase expression of co-stimulatory molecules DCs present antigen peptides of MHC 1 and 2 DCs migrate to lymph tissue to activate, proliferate and differentiate T cells

Question 57

CD4+ Th0 secretes what proliferating factor

Answer 57

IL2

Question 58

what T cell is auto and paracrine

Answer 58

Th0

Question 59

Th1 pathway

Answer 59

expresses INFgamma - stimulates ROS in macrophages

Question 60

ThF encourages what

Answer 60

B cell proliferation and differentiation to long lived cells

Question 61

CTLs recognise what for killing

Answer 61

antigen peptides, binding with MHC I

Question 62

how is viral downplaying of MHC I counteracted

Answer 62

NKCs recognise low MHC I levels

Question 63

how does CTL induce cell death

Answer 63

perforin granzymes granulysin

Question 64

anti-inflammatory IL

Answer 64

IL 10