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PRINCIPLES > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

opsonisation factors

A

C3b, C-reactive protein CRP, IgG/IgM

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2
Q

defensive chemical in mucous

A

IgA
lysozyme, defencins, antimicrobial peptides
cilia

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3
Q

chemical defense of commensals

A

anti-microbial short chain fatty acid
low bowel pH
vit K, B12

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4
Q

defenses of skin

A

tight packed cells
low pH
sebaceous glands - oils and enzymes

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5
Q

in cancer cells is MHC 1 or 2 high or low

A

low MHC 1

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6
Q

how are viruses killed

A

NKCs release perforin - lysis and apoptosis

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7
Q

3 methods of ingestion

A

pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis
phagocytosis

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8
Q

how do mast cells kill parasites

A
  1. recognise - PRRs PAMPs
  2. degranulate
  3. gene expression
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9
Q

what enhanced macrophage activation

A

INFg

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10
Q

what creates local inflammation in innate immunity

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines
nitric oxide
histamines
prostaglandins

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11
Q

soluble innate factors

A

complements
collectins (mannose binding lectin)
pentraxins (CRP)
enzymes

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12
Q

chemokines function

A

promote chemotaxi gradient

promote adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells

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13
Q

neutrophilic killing methods

A

phagolysomal
ROS
degranulation
NETs

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14
Q

vascular inflammatory changes

A

tight junctions lost

adhesion molecules ecpressed - selectin and ICAMs

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15
Q

steps of endothelial migration

A
  1. margination - neutrophils move to plasmitic zone
  2. binding of ICAMsand selectins
  3. migration across endothelium
  4. chemotactic movement
  5. neutrophil activation
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16
Q

why do neutrophils move to plasmitic zone

A

decreased vascular fluid

increased viscosity of plasma

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17
Q

what does IL2 do

A

T cell proliferation

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18
Q

what does IL10 do

A

anti-inflammatory

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19
Q

cytokine examples

A

INF
TNF
Chemokines
ILs

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20
Q

what are the early innate event phases

A

recognition
activation
effector

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21
Q

when does the acute phase occur

A

trauma
chronic inflammation
infection

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22
Q

what liver hepatocyte proteins does the acute phase involve

A

complement system
CRP
serum Amyloid A

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23
Q

what drives the acute phase

A

pro-inflammatory mediators from marcophages

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24
Q

what protein systems does the complement system activate

A

kinins
coagulation factors
fibrinolytic factors

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25
Q

normal CRP range mg/L

A

<10

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26
Q

mild CRP

A

10-40

27
Q

high CRP

A

40-200

28
Q

severe CRP

A

> 200

29
Q

outcomes of complement cascade 4

A

promote inflammation
recruit cells
kill pathogens
solubilse immune complexes

30
Q

b cells are humoral. t/f?

A

true

31
Q

where do b cells mature

A

bone marrow

32
Q

CD4+ regulate…

A

entire system

33
Q

CD8+ kill

A

virally infected cells

34
Q

factors influencing lymphatic pressure

A

sympathetic nerves
arterial pulse pressure
muscle contraction
intra-thoracic pressure

35
Q

how do lymphatics drain into blood

A

via thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

36
Q

lymph nodes monitor…

A

tissue infection

37
Q

spleen monitors…

A

blood infection

38
Q

mucosal tissue

A

throat/GI infection

39
Q

function of b plasma and b memory cells

A

secrete Igs

long lived circulation

40
Q

what do T cells encourage from B cells

A

clonal proliferation

41
Q

initial antibody from B cells

A

IgM

42
Q

what does IgM indicate clinically

A

recent infection

43
Q

what does agglutination achieve

A

increased efficacy of microbial elimaination

44
Q

agglutination involves which Igs

A

IgM IgG

45
Q

neutralisation antibodies

A

IgG and sIgA

46
Q

phagocytes bind to Fc receptors on which Ig for opsonisation

A

IgG

47
Q

how is hypogammaglobulin defeated naturally in neonates

A

sIgA from colostrum + breast milk

48
Q

placental transfer Ig

A

IgG

49
Q

complement system Igs

A

IgM and IgG

50
Q

allergy Ig

A

IgE

51
Q

b cell activation Ig

A

IgD

52
Q

structure of TCRs

A

alpha beta heterodimer

53
Q

function of:
helper
cytotoxic
memory t cells

A

activate immunity
kill infected cells
long term immunity

54
Q

MHC class 1

A

on all nucleated cells

present to CD8+

55
Q

MCH class 2

A 
on APCs (DCs, macrophages, B cells)
CD4+ presenting
56
Q

Function of DCs in encouraging T cells

A

TNFa makes DCs increase expression of co-stimulatory molecules
DCs present antigen peptides of MHC 1 and 2
DCs migrate to lymph tissue to activate, proliferate and differentiate T cells

57
Q

CD4+ Th0 secretes what proliferating factor

A

IL2

58
Q

what T cell is auto and paracrine

A

Th0

59
Q

Th1 pathway

A

expresses INFgamma - stimulates ROS in macrophages

60
Q

ThF encourages what

A

B cell proliferation and differentiation to long lived cells

61
Q

CTLs recognise what for killing

A

antigen peptides, binding with MHC I

62
Q

how is viral downplaying of MHC I counteracted

A

NKCs recognise low MHC I levels

63
Q

how does CTL induce cell death

A

perforin
granzymes
granulysin

64
Q

anti-inflammatory IL

A

IL 10

PRINCIPLES (11 decks)

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