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PRINCIPLES > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue covering of bones

A

periosteum

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2
Q

explain endochondral ossification

A

hyalone cartilage verion of bone grows then ossifises

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3
Q

anatomy of bone

A

epiphysis (head)
epiphysis growth plate
metaphysis
diaphysis (long bit)

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4
Q

flat bones

A

neurocranium

sternum

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5
Q

long bones

A

humerus
femur
phalanges

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6
Q

irregular bones

A

vertebrae

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7
Q

sesamoid bones

A

patella - tendons

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8
Q

short bones

A

carpals tarsals e.g. cuboidal

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9
Q

why might femur neck fracture

A

less compact bone

thin and angled

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10
Q

stages of fracture healing

A

callus of new bone surrounds fracture

callus remodels

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11
Q

what are adjacent structures

A

they apply force to develop growing bones shop e.g tuberosities and foramen

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12
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull
spine
sternum
ribs

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13
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pevlic girdle
lower limbs

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14
Q

bones of cranial vault

A

frontal bone
parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone
sphenoid bone, temporal bones

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15
Q

bones of viscerocranium

A

frontal bone
temporal bone, occipital bone
sphenoid bone, temporal bones

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16
Q

facial bones

A

nasal bone
zygomatic bone
maxilla
mandible

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17
Q

mandible bones

A 
condylar process
ramus
angle 
mental foramen
mental process
coronoid process
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18
Q

vertebral types, numbers and curvature

A 
C1-7 - secondary
T1-12 - primary
L1-5 - secondary
5 Sacral (1 sacrum, fused) - primary
4 coccygeal (1 coccyx, fused)
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19
Q

C1 ATLAS

A

no body or spinous process

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20
Q

C2 AXIS

A

odontoid process - dens

projects superiorly

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21
Q

C7 VERTEBRAE PROMINENS

A

first palpable spinous process - midline posterior aspect of neck

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22
Q

true ribs

A

1-7

attach to sternum

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23
Q

false ribs

A

8-10

attach above to sternum

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24
Q

floating ribs

A

11-12

no attachment to sternum

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25
Q

pectoral girdle

A

2 scapulae

2 clavicles

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26
Q

pelvic girdle

A

2 hip bones and sacrum

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27
Q

upper arm bone

A

humerus

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28
Q

lower arm bones

A

radius + ulna

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29
Q

hand bones

A

carpals (wrist)
metacarpals (palm)
phalanges (fingers)

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30
Q

thigh bone

A

femur

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31
Q

lower leg bones

A

tibia and fibia

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32
Q

foot bones

A

tarsals (hind/midfoot)
metatarsals (forefoot)
phalanges (forefoot-toes)

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33
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary

striated

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34
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary

non-striated

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35
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary

striated - actin and myosin

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36
Q

types of skeletal muscle (5)

A 
circular (obicularis oris)
fusiform (biceps)
flat w aponeurosis (external oblique)
pennate (deltoid)
quadrate (rectus abdominus)
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37
Q

tendons vs aponeurosis

A
  1. attach muscle muscle to bone - non contractile

2. flat tendon, muscle tp soft tissue

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38
Q

trochlea permit…

A

flexion, extension

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39
Q

sockets permit..

A

circumduction

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40
Q

flexion withdrawl relexes involve the CNS - t/f?

A

false

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41
Q

relflex arc

A
  • sensory nerve detects tendon stretch
  • synapse between s + m nerves
  • motor nerve tells muscle to contract at neuromuscular junction
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42
Q

muscle paralysis

A

dysfunctional motor neurons

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43
Q

muscle spasticity

A

descending brain controls do not work

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44
Q

compartment syndrome

A

increased pressure due to swelling

affects muscle or nerve

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45
Q

compartment syndrome treatment - acute

A

analgesia + fluids

fasciotomy

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46
Q

protective relfexes by smooth muscles t/f?

A

false - skeletal

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47
Q

increased mobility…

A

decreased stability

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48
Q

decreased motility…

A

increased stability

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49
Q

fibrous joints - syndemoses

A

connect bones with fibrous sheet

e.g. interossus membrane

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50
Q

fibrous joints - sutures

A

between bones of skull

e.g. coronal suture

51
Q

fibrous joints - fotanelles

A

wide anterior and posterior and lateral sutures in neonatal skull

52
Q

primary cartilagenous

A

bones joined by hyaline cartilage
synchondroses (ossifies and fuses)
e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate

53
Q

secondary cartilagenous

A

symphyses
fibrocartilage
e.g. intervertebral discs

54
Q

2 parts of intervertebral discs

A

outer fibrous ring - annulus fibrosus

inner soft - nucleus pulposus

55
Q

synovial joints

A

2 bones articulating

supported by ligaments

56
Q

synovial capsule + cavity

A

superficial fibrous layer then deep synovial secretory membrane
- cavity contains lubricating fluid

57
Q

what are bursae

A

extensions of synovial joint cavity - prevent friction

58
Q

antlanto-axial synovial joint

A

pivot - shaking head >45

59
Q

ball and socket synovial joint

A

multi-axial movement

60
Q

biaxial synovial joint

A

good range in one less in another

61
Q

hinge synovial joint

A

good range in one plane

62
Q

plane synovial joint

A

minimal movement in one plane

63
Q

subluxation

A

reduced area of contact

64
Q

dislocation

A

lost area of contact

65
Q

TMJ

A

synovial joint between…
mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone SUPERIORLY
head of condylar process of mandible INFERIORLY

66
Q

feature of TMJ

A

articular disc in the articular cavity

67
Q

TMJ dislocation

A

condylar process stuck anterior to articular tubercle

68
Q

detecting periarticular vascular damage

A

distal pulses

69
Q

what is in the bony pelvis

A

pelvic cavity

70
Q

openings of pelvic floor

A

distal alimentary, renal and reproductive tracts

71
Q

what is the pelvic ‘roof’

A

parietal peritoneum - lining abdominal cavity

72
Q

what does the rectouterine pouch of douglas represent

A

most infrior part of peritoneal cavity

73
Q

3 female tract outlets

A

external urethral orifice
vaginal orifice
anus

74
Q

layers of uterus walls

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

75
Q

reproductive + accessory organs (Female)

A

ovaries

uterine tubes
uterus
vagina

76
Q

how does ovum move from peritoneal cavity

A
  1. gathered by fimbriae into infundibulum of uterine tube

2. moved along by cilia

77
Q

what causes uterine cramps

A

myometrial cramps

78
Q

cause of peritonitis

A

STIs

79
Q

female sterilisation

A

tubal ligation - clipped, cut, cauterised

80
Q

origin of the testes

A

posterior abdominal wall

81
Q

where are sperm produced

A

seminiferous tubules

82
Q

pathway of sperm

A 
semineferous tubules 
to
rete testis
to
head of epididymis
to
 vas deferens
83
Q

contents of spermatic cord

A

vas deferens
testicular artery
pampiniform vein plexus

84
Q

what creates an erection

A

arterial pressure engorges 3 cylinders of erectile tissue

85
Q

reproductive organ and accessories - MALE

A

testes

vas deferens
seminal glands
prostate glands
penis

86
Q

male urethral opening

A

external urethral meatus

87
Q

male sterilisation

A

vasectomy - bilateral vas deferens transection and suture

88
Q

divisions of PNS

A

spinal nerves
crainial nerves
autonomic nervous system

89
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control

A

organs smooth muscle glands and visceral afferents

90
Q

what happens at synapses

A

Action potentials become neurotransmitters

91
Q

structures of soma

A 
skin
fascia
skeletal muscle
skeleton
internal cavity linings
92
Q

viscera

A

organs
glands
smooth and cardiac muscle
external organ linings

93
Q

4 lobes of cerebral hemisphere

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

94
Q

gyri vs sulci

A

bumps vs fissures

95
Q

top to bottom: brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

96
Q

where does brain stem end

A

conus medullaris at L1/2 disc

97
Q

outer vs inner spinal cord

A

white matter - myelinated

grey matter - cell bodies

98
Q

where do sensory cell bodies go

A

dorsal grey horn

99
Q

where do motor cell bodies go

A

ventral grey horn

100
Q

male nipple dermatone

A

T4

101
Q

umbilicus dermatons

A

T10

102
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-4

103
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

104
Q

lumbar plexus

A

L1-4

105
Q

sacral plexus

A

L5-S4

106
Q

which nerves pass into spinal nerves

A

sympahetic

107
Q

what do splanchic sympathetic nerves supply

A

sweat glands
arterioles
arrector muscles

108
Q

where does sympathetic outflow occur

A

paravertebral ganglion of sympathetic trunk

109
Q

where does parasympathetic outflow occur

A

cranial and spinal nerves - craniosacral

110
Q

what supplies lacrimal and salivary glands

A

head parasympathetic ganglia

111
Q

what does the vagus supply

A

neck, chest and abdomen organs (to mid-gut)

112
Q

what do spinal sacral nerves supply

A

hindgut, pelvis and perenium

113
Q

somatic sensory pathway

A
  1. sensory APs synapse into 3rd thalamus neurone
  2. somatic pathway arrives to side of the cerbral cortex
  3. the opposite side is stimulated
114
Q

where is somatic sensation

A

in parietal lobe

sensory homunculus

115
Q

somatic upper motor origin

A

upper motor neurone leison

opposite side of movement

116
Q

somatic lower motor origin

A

lower motor neurone leison

same side as movement

117
Q

where is somatic motor control

A

frontal lobe

118
Q

autonomic sensory neurones on organs are…

A

visceral afferents

119
Q

2 types of visceral pain

A

ischaemic (blood flow)

colicky (obstructed)

120
Q

sympathtic outflow route 1

A

synapse and postganglionic axon and travel to ant/post rami to target

121
Q

sympathetic outflow 2

A

synapse and gostganglionic axon to sympathetic chain to target

122
Q

symapthetic outflow 3

A

dont synapse

travel through ganglionic to join splanchic nevre then synapse in prevertebral ganglion

123
Q

nerves for what synapse at prevertebral ganglia

A

fore-mid-hind-gut organs

124
Q

vagus nerve supplies

A

organs of neck, chest and abdomen (to foregut)

PRINCIPLES (11 decks)

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