ANATOMY Flashcards
1
Q
connective tissue covering of bones
A
periosteum
2
Q
explain endochondral ossification
A
hyalone cartilage verion of bone grows then ossifises
3
Q
anatomy of bone
A
epiphysis (head)
epiphysis growth plate
metaphysis
diaphysis (long bit)
4
Q
flat bones
A
neurocranium
sternum
5
Q
long bones
A
humerus
femur
phalanges
6
Q
irregular bones
A
vertebrae
7
Q
sesamoid bones
A
patella - tendons
8
Q
short bones
A
carpals tarsals e.g. cuboidal
9
Q
why might femur neck fracture
A
less compact bone
thin and angled
10
Q
stages of fracture healing
A
callus of new bone surrounds fracture
callus remodels
11
Q
what are adjacent structures
A
they apply force to develop growing bones shop e.g tuberosities and foramen
12
Q
axial skeleton
A
skull
spine
sternum
ribs
13
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pevlic girdle
lower limbs
14
Q
bones of cranial vault
A
frontal bone
parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone
sphenoid bone, temporal bones
15
Q
bones of viscerocranium
A
frontal bone
temporal bone, occipital bone
sphenoid bone, temporal bones
16
Q
facial bones
A
nasal bone
zygomatic bone
maxilla
mandible
17
Q
mandible bones
A
condylar process ramus angle mental foramen mental process coronoid process
18
Q
vertebral types, numbers and curvature
A
C1-7 - secondary T1-12 - primary L1-5 - secondary 5 Sacral (1 sacrum, fused) - primary 4 coccygeal (1 coccyx, fused)
19
Q
C1 ATLAS
A
no body or spinous process
20
Q
C2 AXIS
A
odontoid process - dens
projects superiorly
21
Q
C7 VERTEBRAE PROMINENS
A
first palpable spinous process - midline posterior aspect of neck
22
Q
true ribs
A
1-7
attach to sternum
23
Q
false ribs
A
8-10
attach above to sternum
24
Q
floating ribs
A
11-12
no attachment to sternum
25
pectoral girdle
2 scapulae
| 2 clavicles
26
pelvic girdle
2 hip bones and sacrum
27
upper arm bone
humerus
28
lower arm bones
radius + ulna
29
hand bones
carpals (wrist)
metacarpals (palm)
phalanges (fingers)
30
thigh bone
femur
31
lower leg bones
tibia and fibia
32
foot bones
tarsals (hind/midfoot)
metatarsals (forefoot)
phalanges (forefoot-toes)
33
cardiac muscle
involuntary
| striated
34
smooth muscle
involuntary
| non-striated
35
skeletal muscle
voluntary
| striated - actin and myosin
36
types of skeletal muscle (5)
```
circular (obicularis oris)
fusiform (biceps)
flat w aponeurosis (external oblique)
pennate (deltoid)
quadrate (rectus abdominus)
```
37
tendons vs aponeurosis
1. attach muscle muscle to bone - non contractile
| 2. flat tendon, muscle tp soft tissue
38
trochlea permit...
flexion, extension
39
sockets permit..
circumduction
40
flexion withdrawl relexes involve the CNS - t/f?
false
41
relflex arc
- sensory nerve detects tendon stretch
- synapse between s + m nerves
- motor nerve tells muscle to contract at neuromuscular junction
42
muscle paralysis
dysfunctional motor neurons
43
muscle spasticity
descending brain controls do not work
44
compartment syndrome
increased pressure due to swelling
| affects muscle or nerve
45
compartment syndrome treatment - acute
analgesia + fluids
| fasciotomy
46
protective relfexes by smooth muscles t/f?
false - skeletal
47
increased mobility...
decreased stability
48
decreased motility...
increased stability
49
fibrous joints - syndemoses
connect bones with fibrous sheet
| e.g. interossus membrane
50
fibrous joints - sutures
between bones of skull
| e.g. coronal suture
51
fibrous joints - fotanelles
wide anterior and posterior and lateral sutures in neonatal skull
52
primary cartilagenous
bones joined by hyaline cartilage
synchondroses (ossifies and fuses)
e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate
53
secondary cartilagenous
symphyses
fibrocartilage
e.g. intervertebral discs
54
2 parts of intervertebral discs
outer fibrous ring - annulus fibrosus
| inner soft - nucleus pulposus
55
synovial joints
2 bones articulating
| supported by ligaments
56
synovial capsule + cavity
superficial fibrous layer then deep synovial secretory membrane
- cavity contains lubricating fluid
57
what are bursae
extensions of synovial joint cavity - prevent friction
58
antlanto-axial synovial joint
pivot - shaking head >45
59
ball and socket synovial joint
multi-axial movement
60
biaxial synovial joint
good range in one less in another
61
hinge synovial joint
good range in one plane
62
plane synovial joint
minimal movement in one plane
63
subluxation
reduced area of contact
64
dislocation
lost area of contact
65
TMJ
synovial joint between...
mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone SUPERIORLY
head of condylar process of mandible INFERIORLY
66
feature of TMJ
articular disc in the articular cavity
67
TMJ dislocation
condylar process stuck anterior to articular tubercle
68
detecting periarticular vascular damage
distal pulses
69
what is in the bony pelvis
pelvic cavity
70
openings of pelvic floor
distal alimentary, renal and reproductive tracts
71
what is the pelvic 'roof'
parietal peritoneum - lining abdominal cavity
72
what does the rectouterine pouch of douglas represent
most infrior part of peritoneal cavity
73
3 female tract outlets
external urethral orifice
vaginal orifice
anus
74
layers of uterus walls
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
75
reproductive + accessory organs (Female)
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
76
how does ovum move from peritoneal cavity
1. gathered by fimbriae into infundibulum of uterine tube
| 2. moved along by cilia
77
what causes uterine cramps
myometrial cramps
78
cause of peritonitis
STIs
79
female sterilisation
tubal ligation - clipped, cut, cauterised
80
origin of the testes
posterior abdominal wall
81
where are sperm produced
seminiferous tubules
82
pathway of sperm
```
semineferous tubules
to
rete testis
to
head of epididymis
to
vas deferens
```
83
contents of spermatic cord
vas deferens
testicular artery
pampiniform vein plexus
84
what creates an erection
arterial pressure engorges 3 cylinders of erectile tissue
85
reproductive organ and accessories - MALE
testes
vas deferens
seminal glands
prostate glands
penis
86
male urethral opening
external urethral meatus
87
male sterilisation
vasectomy - bilateral vas deferens transection and suture
88
divisions of PNS
spinal nerves
crainial nerves
autonomic nervous system
89
what does the autonomic nervous system control
organs smooth muscle glands and visceral afferents
90
what happens at synapses
Action potentials become neurotransmitters
91
structures of soma
```
skin
fascia
skeletal muscle
skeleton
internal cavity linings
```
92
viscera
organs
glands
smooth and cardiac muscle
external organ linings
93
4 lobes of cerebral hemisphere
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
94
gyri vs sulci
bumps vs fissures
95
top to bottom: brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
96
where does brain stem end
conus medullaris at L1/2 disc
97
outer vs inner spinal cord
white matter - myelinated
| grey matter - cell bodies
98
where do sensory cell bodies go
dorsal grey horn
99
where do motor cell bodies go
ventral grey horn
100
male nipple dermatone
T4
101
umbilicus dermatons
T10
102
cervical plexus
C1-4
103
brachial plexus
C5-T1
104
lumbar plexus
L1-4
105
sacral plexus
L5-S4
106
which nerves pass into spinal nerves
sympahetic
107
what do splanchic sympathetic nerves supply
sweat glands
arterioles
arrector muscles
108
where does sympathetic outflow occur
paravertebral ganglion of sympathetic trunk
109
where does parasympathetic outflow occur
cranial and spinal nerves - craniosacral
110
what supplies lacrimal and salivary glands
head parasympathetic ganglia
111
what does the vagus supply
neck, chest and abdomen organs (to mid-gut)
112
what do spinal sacral nerves supply
hindgut, pelvis and perenium
113
somatic sensory pathway
1. sensory APs synapse into 3rd thalamus neurone
2. somatic pathway arrives to side of the cerbral cortex
3. the opposite side is stimulated
114
where is somatic sensation
in parietal lobe
| sensory homunculus
115
somatic upper motor origin
upper motor neurone leison
| opposite side of movement
116
somatic lower motor origin
lower motor neurone leison
| same side as movement
117
where is somatic motor control
frontal lobe
118
autonomic sensory neurones on organs are...
visceral afferents
119
2 types of visceral pain
ischaemic (blood flow)
| colicky (obstructed)
120
sympathtic outflow route 1
synapse and postganglionic axon and travel to ant/post rami to target
121
sympathetic outflow 2
synapse and gostganglionic axon to sympathetic chain to target
122
symapthetic outflow 3
dont synapse
| travel through ganglionic to join splanchic nevre then synapse in prevertebral ganglion
123
nerves for what synapse at prevertebral ganglia
fore-mid-hind-gut organs
124
vagus nerve supplies
organs of neck, chest and abdomen (to foregut)
