Pathology 2.0 Flashcards
most common associated cancer with dermatomyositis
adenocarcinomas esp ovarian
paraneoplastic syndrome - sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses
leser-trelat
associated with GI adenocarcinomas
describe presentation of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
abdnormal proliferation of skin and bone at distal extremities –> clubbing, arthralgia, joint effusions, periostosis of tubular bone
mechanism by which lymphoma causes hypercalcaemia
increases vitamin D
tumours which can cause raised erythropoeitin
phaeochromocytoma
renal cell carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
haemangioblastoma
leiomyoma
what is trousseau syndrome and commonly associated tumours
migratory thrombophlebitis
associated with adenocarcinomas especially pancreatic
what type of cancer is associated with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
adenocarcinomas especially pancreatic
what tumour is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome of myaesthenia gravis
thymoma
mechanism of paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia and tumour associated with it
antibodies against antigens in purkunji cells
small cell lung cancer (anti-Hu), gynae and breast cancers (anti-Yo), hodgkins lymphoma (anti-Tr)
mechnism of paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis and tumour associated with it
antibodies against Hu antigens on neurons
small cell lung cancer
presentation of paraneoplastic anti-NMDA encephalitis and tumour asssociated with it
psychiatric disturbance, memory deficits, seizures, dyskinesias, autonomic instability, language dysfunction
ovarian teratoma
paraneoplastic syndrome – ‘dancing feet dancing eyes’ and tumour found in
opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia syndrome
neuroblastomas (children)
small cell lung cancer (adults)
what cancer is tumour suppressor gene DCC found in
colorectal cancer
DCC - deleted in colorectal cancer
what cancer is tumour suppressor gene SMAD4 (DPC4) found in
DPC - deleted in pancreatic cancer
what cancers have tumour suppressor gene PTEN
P - Prostate
T - breasT
EN - ENdometrial
what cancers have tumour suppressor gene RB1
retinoblastoma
osteosarcoma
what are the gene products of TSC1 and TSC2
found in tuberous sclerosis
TSC1 (chromosome 9) hamartin protein
TSC2 (chromosome 16) tuberin
gene product of WT1 and tumour found in
urogenital development transcription factor
Wilms tumour
gene product of VHL and tumour found in
inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor 1a
Von-Hipple Lindau disease
persistent activation of stellate cells on liver biopsy
Liver cirrhosis
mallory bodies on liver biopsy
alcoholic hepatitis
regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous bands on liver biopsy
cirrhosis
how does haemochromatosis cause iron overload
due to excessive absorption of iron in the GI tract
bone marrow biopsy that shows cells with abundant cytoplasm
hairy cell leukaemia
what is the most common Ig over produced in multiple myeloma
IgG > IgM > Ig light chains
features of Waldenstrom macroglobinaemia
over production of IgM > IgG
B symptoms, bone marrow failure (anaemia, infections), hyperviscosity
what pathway will be affected in schizophrenia
mesolimbic pathway
what thyroid cancer extends through the capsule on histology
follicular
what thyroid cancer shows cells with empty nuclei with central clearing
papillary (orphan annies)
what thyroid cancer stains congo red
medullary
- sheets of polyglonal cells in an amyloid stroma
Ca, phosphorus and ALP levels in bone mets
hypercalcaemia
low phosphate
high ALP
what type of T cell in polymyositis
CD8 T cell inflammation
karyotype of a complete mole
46 XX or 46 XY
what effect would sepsis have on CO, SVR and PCWP
CO increases
SVR and PCWR reduced
pathophysiology of HSP
type III hypersensitivity systemic vasculitis caused by circulating igA immune complexes
most common site of metastasis in Wilms tumour
liver and lung
urinary Na and fraction of excretion of Na in pre renal AKI
urinary Na < 20, Fraction of excretion < 1%, urinary OSMOLALITY > 500
histologic feature of carcinoid tumours
cells with dense core granules
karytope of androgen insensitivity syndrome
46XY
appear female with breast development etc
what is the mechanism by which vitamin C is absorbed
Na dependant co-transport
what is the mechanism by which biotin (B7) is absorbed
Na dependant co-transport
what is the mechanism by which vitamin A is absorbed
micelle-mediated transport
what vitamin may be deficient in patient who contract measles
Vitamin A
toxicity with elevated formic acid levels in the blood
methanol toxicity
what enzyme is decreased/deficient in acute intermittent porphyria
porphobillinogen deaminase
enzyme involved haem synthesis. Results in a build up of porphyrin metabolites.
features of acute intermittent porphyria
acute onset of psychiatric disturbance
red urine
abdominal pain
can be triggered with alcohol, starvation, dehydration
autosomal dominant
positive pANCA, peripheral neuropathy and hx asthma
eosinophillic granulomatoss with polyangitis
haemoptysis, sinusitis, haematuria, red cells in urine, PR3 ANCA / cANCA
granulomatosis with polyangitis
Li Fraumeni syndrome
autosomal dominant mutation of tumour suppressor gene P53 on chromosome 17 leading to increased risk of breast, brain, bone, soft tissue and adrenal cancers
features of Job’s syndrome
learn your ABCDE’s to get a job STAT
Abscesses
Baby teeth
Coarse facial features
Dermatitis
IgE + eosinophillia
STAT 3 mutation
presentation of graft vs host disease
dermatitis, hepatitis and gastroenteritis
what type of hypersensitivity reaction and example;
leukotriene mediated inflammation
type 1 HSR
anaphylaxis
what type of hypersensitivity reaction and example;
Antibody binding to cell surface antigen
type 2 HSR
good pastures, pemphigus, graves disease
what type of hypersensitivity reaction and example;
antibody-antigen deposition
type 3 HSR
lupus, post strep glomerulonephritis, haemolytic anaemia
what type of hypersensitivity reaction and example;
differentiation of CD4 T lymphocytes into T helper lymphocytes
type 4 HSR
allergic contact dermatitis
what genetic condition is associated with maternal non-disjunction in meisosi 1
downs syndrome
what genetic condition is associated with unequal crossing over of either maternal or paternal
huntingtons
