Pathology 1 Flashcards
What are the risk factors for pyelonephritis?
Age, sex, UT obstruction, diabetes, vesico-ureteric reflux
What is the difference between glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis?
Pyelonephritis is infective
What is sterile pyuria?
Pus in the urine
What is the histological pattern of TB pyelonephritis?
Typical caseating granulomatous inflammation
What is cystitis usually caused by?
E.coli, klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas
What are the reactive changes sometimes seen in the bladder and ureter?
small fluid-filled cysts projecting into the lumen (ureteritis and cystitis cystica)
Why do males more commonly get urethral obstruction?
Narrower, longer, more torturous urethra
What is the commonest cause of urethral obstruction in males?
Prostatic disease- BPH or carcinoma
What are the main causes of hydronephrosis?
UT obstruction and prolonged vesico-uteric reflux
What is pyonephrosis?
Secondary infection of hydronephrotic kidney
What is the commonest bacterial cause of pyelonephritis?
Coliforms e.g. E. coli
What is pyelonephritis?
Bacterial infection of renal pelvis, calyces, tubules and interstitium
What can be the result of prolonged bladder outlet obstruction?
Hypertrophy of detrusor muscle, diverticular formation- can rupture or be a focus for stone formation
What are the likely causes of:
a) bilateral hydronephrosis
b) unilateral hydronephrosis
a) distal problem e.g. urethral obstruction. Neurogenic. Bilateral obstruction of ureters e.g. cervical carcinoma
b) usually a proximal problem- pelvi-ureteric obstruction (e.g. neoplasm, calculus), stricture
Is pelvic dilatation more likely to result from a gradual or sudden obstruction?
Gradual- in sudden, urine production usually ceases rapidly
