Exam

Question 1

Causative organisms in cystitis (3)

Answer 1

E. coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas

Question 2

Most common causal bacteria in pyelonephritis

Answer 2

E. coli

Question 3

Consequence of sustained bladder outflow obstruction?

Answer 3

Hypertrophy of detrusor, diverticulae, focus for stone formation

Question 4

Erythroplasia of Queryat

Answer 4

SSC-in situ of the penis

Question 5

Main driving force behind formation of interstitial fluid

Answer 5

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

Indication for potassium-sparing diuretics?

Answer 6

Correct the hypokalaemia caused by thiazides and furosemide

Question 7

Mechanism of loop diuretics

Answer 7

Inhibit the triple co-transporter in the ascending loop of Henle by binding to the chloride site

Question 8

Adverse effects of loop diuretics (2)

Answer 8

Hypocalcaemia

Hypokalaemia

Question 9

Drugs whose toxicity is enhanced by furosemide (2)

Answer 9

Digoxin

Class III anti-dysrhymthics

Question 10

Acid-base balance in loop diuretics is shifted towards…

Answer 10

Alkalosis- increased secretion of protons

Question 11

Mechanism of action of thiazides

Answer 11

Block NaCl transporter in the distal tubule

Question 12

Adverse effects of thiazides (3)

Answer 12

Hyperuricaemia
Hypercalcaemia
Hypokalaemia

Question 13

Mode of action of aldosterone and eplerenone

Answer 13

Aldosterone antagonists

Question 14

Two types of diabetes insipidus

Answer 14

Neurogenic and nephrogenic

Question 15

Three benign renal lesions

Answer 15

Angiomyolipoma
Oncocytoma
Renal cysts

Question 16

Wunderlichs syndrome

Answer 16

Renal haemorrhage caused by angiomyolipoma

Question 17

Triad of renal cell carcinoma

Answer 17

Loin pain
Blood in urine
Renal mass

Question 18

RCC arises from…

Answer 18

The proximal convoluted tubule epithelium

Question 19

Treatment of priapism

Answer 19

Aspirate, adrenaline

Question 20

Fournier’s gangrene

Answer 20

Necrotizing fasciitis of male genitalia

Question 21

Emphysematous pyelonephritis

Answer 21

Pyelonephritis caused by gas-forming organisms

Question 22

Painless haematuria, recurrent UTI, post-voiding irritability

Answer 22

Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 23

Segment of bowel used for urostomy

Answer 23

Terminal ileum

Question 24

Non-complicated UTI treatment

Answer 24

3 days trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin (14 days male)

Question 25

Complicated UTI treatment

Answer 25

Co-amoxiclav or co-trimoxaole 14 days

Question 26

Stage 1 CKD

Answer 26

>90mls/min with evidence of renal damage e.g. imaging, biopsy, proteinuria, haematuria

Question 27

Most common causes of CKD

Answer 27

Hypertension, diabetes

Question 28

Mechanism of hyperparathyroidism in CKD

Answer 28

Reduced Vit D hydroxylation; reduced calcium reabsorption

Question 29

Management of bone disease in CKD

Answer 29

Phosphate restriction | Alfacalcidol

Question 30

Treatment to slow CKD progression (4)

Answer 30

Glycaemic/hypertensive control Smoking cessation ACE/ARB Statins

Question 31

Mechanism of hyperphosphataemia in CKD

Answer 31

Impaired secretion

Question 32

Main cause of pre-renal AKI

Answer 32

Hypovolaemia

Question 33

Untreated pre-renal AKI leads to

Answer 33

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 34

Causes of acute tubular necrosis (4)

Answer 34

Pre renal AKI Nephrotoxic drugs Rhabdomyolysis Contrast agents

Question 35

Indications for haemofiltration/dialysis in acute renal failure? (5)

Answer 35

``` Refractory pulmonary oedema Persistent hyperkalaemia Severe metabolic acidosis Uraemic encephalopathy Uraemic pericarditis ```

Question 36

Treatment of hyperkalaemia

Answer 36

10 ml of 10% Calcium gluconate over 10 mins Insulin dextrose Salbutamol

Question 37

Extra renal manifestations of polycystic disease (3)

Answer 37

Liver cysts Brain aneurysm Mitral/aortic valve prolapse

Question 38

In ARPKD, cysts appear from

Answer 38

The collecting duct system

Question 39

Haematuria + sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 39

Alports syndrome

Question 40

Calcineurin inhibitors and their mode of action

Answer 40

Tacrolimus, cyclosporine. Inhibit T cell activation

Question 41

Inhibit purine synthesis and B cell proliferation

Answer 41

Azathioprine and mycophenolate

Question 42

AZT should never be given with

Answer 42

Allopurinol (severe leucopenia)

Question 43

Microalbuminuria

Answer 43

30-300mg protein per day.

Question 44

ANCA +ve vasculitis associated with kidney diseease

Answer 44

Wegener's | Churg-Strauss

Question 45

Systemic manifestation of IgA nephropathy

Answer 45

Henloch Schonlein purpura

Question 46

Basement membrane auto-antibodies with lung involvement

Answer 46

Goodpastures syndrome

Question 47

Flash pulmonary oedema

Answer 47

Renal artery stenosis

Question 48

Normocytic anaemia, Rouleaux formation and Bence-Jones proteins

Answer 48

myeloma