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Renal > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Causative organisms in cystitis (3)

A

E. coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas

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2
Q

Most common causal bacteria in pyelonephritis

A

E. coli

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3
Q

Consequence of sustained bladder outflow obstruction?

A

Hypertrophy of detrusor, diverticulae, focus for stone formation

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4
Q

Erythroplasia of Queryat

A

SSC-in situ of the penis

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5
Q

Main driving force behind formation of interstitial fluid

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

Indication for potassium-sparing diuretics?

A

Correct the hypokalaemia caused by thiazides and furosemide

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7
Q

Mechanism of loop diuretics

A

Inhibit the triple co-transporter in the ascending loop of Henle by binding to the chloride site

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8
Q

Adverse effects of loop diuretics (2)

A

Hypocalcaemia

Hypokalaemia

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9
Q

Drugs whose toxicity is enhanced by furosemide (2)

A

Digoxin

Class III anti-dysrhymthics

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10
Q

Acid-base balance in loop diuretics is shifted towards…

A

Alkalosis- increased secretion of protons

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11
Q

Mechanism of action of thiazides

A

Block NaCl transporter in the distal tubule

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12
Q

Adverse effects of thiazides (3)

A

Hyperuricaemia
Hypercalcaemia
Hypokalaemia

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13
Q

Mode of action of aldosterone and eplerenone

A

Aldosterone antagonists

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14
Q

Two types of diabetes insipidus

A

Neurogenic and nephrogenic

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15
Q

Three benign renal lesions

A

Angiomyolipoma
Oncocytoma
Renal cysts

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16
Q

Wunderlichs syndrome

A

Renal haemorrhage caused by angiomyolipoma

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17
Q

Triad of renal cell carcinoma

A

Loin pain
Blood in urine
Renal mass

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18
Q

RCC arises from…

A

The proximal convoluted tubule epithelium

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19
Q

Treatment of priapism

A

Aspirate, adrenaline

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20
Q

Fournier’s gangrene

A

Necrotizing fasciitis of male genitalia

21
Q

Emphysematous pyelonephritis

A

Pyelonephritis caused by gas-forming organisms

22
Q

Painless haematuria, recurrent UTI, post-voiding irritability

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

23
Q

Segment of bowel used for urostomy

A

Terminal ileum

24
Q

Non-complicated UTI treatment

A

3 days trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin (14 days male)

25
Q

Complicated UTI treatment

A

Co-amoxiclav or co-trimoxaole 14 days

26
Q

Stage 1 CKD

A

> 90mls/min with evidence of renal damage e.g. imaging, biopsy, proteinuria, haematuria

27
Q

Most common causes of CKD

A

Hypertension, diabetes

28
Q

Mechanism of hyperparathyroidism in CKD

A

Reduced Vit D hydroxylation; reduced calcium reabsorption

29
Q

Management of bone disease in CKD

A

Phosphate restriction

Alfacalcidol

30
Q

Treatment to slow CKD progression (4)

A

Glycaemic/hypertensive control
Smoking cessation
ACE/ARB
Statins

31
Q

Mechanism of hyperphosphataemia in CKD

A

Impaired secretion

32
Q

Main cause of pre-renal AKI

A

Hypovolaemia

33
Q

Untreated pre-renal AKI leads to

A

Acute tubular necrosis

34
Q

Causes of acute tubular necrosis (4)

A

Pre renal AKI
Nephrotoxic drugs
Rhabdomyolysis
Contrast agents

35
Q

Indications for haemofiltration/dialysis in acute renal failure? (5)

A 
Refractory pulmonary oedema
Persistent hyperkalaemia
Severe metabolic acidosis
Uraemic encephalopathy
Uraemic pericarditis
36
Q

Treatment of hyperkalaemia

A

10 ml of 10% Calcium gluconate over 10 mins
Insulin dextrose
Salbutamol

37
Q

Extra renal manifestations of polycystic disease (3)

A

Liver cysts
Brain aneurysm
Mitral/aortic valve prolapse

38
Q

In ARPKD, cysts appear from

A

The collecting duct system

39
Q

Haematuria + sensorineural hearing loss

A

Alports syndrome

40
Q

Calcineurin inhibitors and their mode of action

A

Tacrolimus, cyclosporine. Inhibit T cell activation

41
Q

Inhibit purine synthesis and B cell proliferation

A

Azathioprine and mycophenolate

42
Q

AZT should never be given with

A

Allopurinol (severe leucopenia)

43
Q

Microalbuminuria

A

30-300mg protein per day.

44
Q

ANCA +ve vasculitis associated with kidney diseease

A

Wegener’s

Churg-Strauss

45
Q

Systemic manifestation of IgA nephropathy

A

Henloch Schonlein purpura

46
Q

Basement membrane auto-antibodies with lung involvement

A

Goodpastures syndrome

47
Q

Flash pulmonary oedema

A

Renal artery stenosis

48
Q

Normocytic anaemia, Rouleaux formation and Bence-Jones proteins

A

myeloma

Renal (32 decks)

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