Exam Flashcards
Causative organisms in cystitis (3)
E. coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas
Most common causal bacteria in pyelonephritis
E. coli
Consequence of sustained bladder outflow obstruction?
Hypertrophy of detrusor, diverticulae, focus for stone formation
Erythroplasia of Queryat
SSC-in situ of the penis
Main driving force behind formation of interstitial fluid
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Indication for potassium-sparing diuretics?
Correct the hypokalaemia caused by thiazides and furosemide
Mechanism of loop diuretics
Inhibit the triple co-transporter in the ascending loop of Henle by binding to the chloride site
Adverse effects of loop diuretics (2)
Hypocalcaemia
Hypokalaemia
Drugs whose toxicity is enhanced by furosemide (2)
Digoxin
Class III anti-dysrhymthics
Acid-base balance in loop diuretics is shifted towards…
Alkalosis- increased secretion of protons
Mechanism of action of thiazides
Block NaCl transporter in the distal tubule
Adverse effects of thiazides (3)
Hyperuricaemia
Hypercalcaemia
Hypokalaemia
Mode of action of aldosterone and eplerenone
Aldosterone antagonists
Two types of diabetes insipidus
Neurogenic and nephrogenic
Three benign renal lesions
Angiomyolipoma
Oncocytoma
Renal cysts
Wunderlichs syndrome
Renal haemorrhage caused by angiomyolipoma
Triad of renal cell carcinoma
Loin pain
Blood in urine
Renal mass
RCC arises from…
The proximal convoluted tubule epithelium
Treatment of priapism
Aspirate, adrenaline
Fournier’s gangrene
Necrotizing fasciitis of male genitalia
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis caused by gas-forming organisms
Painless haematuria, recurrent UTI, post-voiding irritability
Transitional cell carcinoma
Segment of bowel used for urostomy
Terminal ileum
Non-complicated UTI treatment
3 days trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin (14 days male)
Complicated UTI treatment
Co-amoxiclav or co-trimoxaole 14 days
Stage 1 CKD
> 90mls/min with evidence of renal damage e.g. imaging, biopsy, proteinuria, haematuria
Most common causes of CKD
Hypertension, diabetes
Mechanism of hyperparathyroidism in CKD
Reduced Vit D hydroxylation; reduced calcium reabsorption
Management of bone disease in CKD
Phosphate restriction
Alfacalcidol
Treatment to slow CKD progression (4)
Glycaemic/hypertensive control
Smoking cessation
ACE/ARB
Statins
Mechanism of hyperphosphataemia in CKD
Impaired secretion
Main cause of pre-renal AKI
Hypovolaemia
Untreated pre-renal AKI leads to
Acute tubular necrosis
Causes of acute tubular necrosis (4)
Pre renal AKI
Nephrotoxic drugs
Rhabdomyolysis
Contrast agents
Indications for haemofiltration/dialysis in acute renal failure? (5)
Refractory pulmonary oedema Persistent hyperkalaemia Severe metabolic acidosis Uraemic encephalopathy Uraemic pericarditis
Treatment of hyperkalaemia
10 ml of 10% Calcium gluconate over 10 mins
Insulin dextrose
Salbutamol
Extra renal manifestations of polycystic disease (3)
Liver cysts
Brain aneurysm
Mitral/aortic valve prolapse
In ARPKD, cysts appear from
The collecting duct system
Haematuria + sensorineural hearing loss
Alports syndrome
Calcineurin inhibitors and their mode of action
Tacrolimus, cyclosporine. Inhibit T cell activation
Inhibit purine synthesis and B cell proliferation
Azathioprine and mycophenolate
AZT should never be given with
Allopurinol (severe leucopenia)
Microalbuminuria
30-300mg protein per day.
ANCA +ve vasculitis associated with kidney diseease
Wegener’s
Churg-Strauss
Systemic manifestation of IgA nephropathy
Henloch Schonlein purpura
Basement membrane auto-antibodies with lung involvement
Goodpastures syndrome
Flash pulmonary oedema
Renal artery stenosis
Normocytic anaemia, Rouleaux formation and Bence-Jones proteins
myeloma
