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Pathologies Flashcards

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1
Q

Achilles tendon rupture

A

occurs 1-2 inches above calcaneous
happens to 30-50 year olds
can’t stand on toes, and can’t perform Thompsons test

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2
Q

Adhesive Capsulitis

A

Occurs more in middle aged population and males
Arthogram can assist with diagnosis by decreasing volume of fluid within the joint capsule.
ROM restriction typically in a capsular pattern

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3
Q

Amytrophic Lateral Scelerosis

A

affects mostly 40-70 males
Includes Upper and Lower Motor neurons weakness in proximal progression.
lasts 2-5 years, 20-30% survive longer than 5 years.

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4
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

inflammation of spine
Males 20-40 at risk
back pain, stiffness and impaired spinal extension

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5
Q

ACL SprainGrade III

A

FEMALES AT RISK

Associated with meniscal tear.

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6
Q

Bicepital Tendonitis

A

deep ache in shoulder when reaching overhead

Positive Speed and Yergesons Test

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7
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Females 35-55

atrophy in abductor pollicus Median Nerve

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8
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Upper Motor Nueron damage to the cerebellum

Mental Retardation Epilepsy in 50-60% percent of cases

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9
Q

Left CVA

A 
paralysis to the Right side
impaired processing
heightened frusturation
dysphagia
motor praxia
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10
Q

Right CVA

A 
poor attention
impaired awareness
spatial defecits
memory defecits
emotional liability
and impulsive behaivor
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11
Q

CHF (Left side)

A

generally associated with pulm venous congestion

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12
Q

CHF (Right side)

A

systemic venous congestion

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13
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

exocrine glands produce excessive mucous
recessive gene Ch 7
terminal at 35

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14
Q

Degenerative Spondylolisthesis

A

weakening of joint allowing forward slippage
at L4-5 level
Use Williams Flexion exc

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15
Q

Downs

A

hypotonia

exc encouraged

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16
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

Xlinked recessive trait in male
waddling gait weak walk and proximal mm weakness
Can not walk by 10-12 yrs of age.

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17
Q

Emphysema

A

from chronic bronchritis
barrel chest and rounded shoulders
persistent cough, wheezy and trouble breathing

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18
Q

Fibromalygia

A

tender points in muscles

greter in females

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19
Q

Full thickness Burn

A

Burn causes immediate cellular/tissue death and vascular destruction
Eschar forms
requires debridement
absent sensation due to burning of nerve ending

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20
Q

GB Syndrome

A

motor weakness and respitory parlysis
unkown autoimmue cause
full recovery expected

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21
Q

Adhesive capsulitis

A

Females > Males; Dx by arthrogram: increased fluid volume in joint capsule. ROM follows capsular pattern: ER

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22
Q

TOS

A

Thoracic outlet syndrome. Females > Males 30-40 y.o. usu secondary to compression/damage to brachial plexus, subclavian vascular supply, axillary artery.

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23
Q

TOS contributing factors

A

cervical rib, abnormal first rib, postural deviations, hypertrophy/spasms of scalenes, elongated cervical transverse process

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24
Q

Rotator cuff tendonitis

A

usu secondary to weakness in supraspinatus to adequately depress head of humerus during elevation of arm. Painful arc sign 60-120°. linked to overhead activities- paining, tennis, baseball, etc.

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25
Lateral epicondylitis
Tennis elbow. inflammation/degenerative changes at common extensor tendon. repeated overuse of wrist extensors
26
Lateral epicondylitis s/s
difficulty holding/gripping objects; low forearm functional strength.
27
Carpal tunnel syndrome
females > males; 35-55 y.o. atropy 1st of APB, later all thenar muscles. Dx with EMG, tinel's, phalen's.
28
Bicipital Tendonitis
increased w/sports- pitching, swimming, rowing, gymnastics, tennis. c/o deep ache in front/top of shoulder. worse w/overhead activity. special tests: speed's or yergason's.
29
THA
posteriolateral spares abductors; increases instability secondary to "interruption" of posterior capsule. Cemented hip- PWB initially; non-cemented ttwb to 6 weeks.
30
transfemoral amputation secondary to osteosarcoma
highly malignant cancer. begins in medullary cavity. post-op: fatigue, LoB, phantom pain, hypersensitivity of residual limb, psychological issues. Prone positioning key to prevent contractures.
31
TKA
usu b/c of destruction of articular cartilage 2° OA. post op- knee immobilizers, elevation of limb, cryotherapy, CPM, initiation of TE. pt ed- things to avoid (excessive stress to knee, squatting quick pivot, etc.)
32
PFPS
damage to articular cartilage of patella. unknown etiology; common during adolescence females>males; direction association with activity level. trt: control edema, stretch, strengthen, increase ROM; activity modification.
33
MCL sprain, grade 2
MCL sprain, grade 2 partial tearing- joint laxity when ligament stretched. MOI- blow to outside of knee, increased stress to medial side of joint. resolved in 4-8 weeks after injury if no other structures are involved.
34
ACL grade 3
occurs w/hyperflexion (?) rapid deceleration, hyper extension or landing in an unbalanced position. females > males. 2/3 complete ACLs have meniscal tear.
35
Achilles tendon rupture
usual 1-2 inches above teninous insertion. 30-50 y.o. without hx of calf/heel pain. + thompson test.
36
Plantar fasciitis
chronic over use; usu. develops 2° repetitive stretching of plantar fascia through excessive pronation. Characterized by severe pain in heel. trt: ice massage, deep friction massage, heel insert, orthotics, activity mod, stretching.
37
TMJ
females>males 20-40 y.o.. s/s- pain, muscles spams, abnormal/limited ROM, headache, tinnitus. trt: education, posture, modalities- HP, biofeedback, u/s, e-stim, tens.
38
TBI
open/closed head injury. swelling, axonal injury, hypoxia, hematoma, hemorrhage, change in intercranial pressure. high risk groups: males 15-24, 65+, 1-2 y.o.
39
SCI C7 complete tetraplegia
s/s impaired cough, altered breathing pattern, poor endurance; lowest innervated muscles- triceps, epl, epb, fcr. outcomes- I w/feeding, grooming, dressing, self ROM, w/c, tf, driving w/adapted auto
40
SCI complete L3 para
partial innervation of gracilis, iliopsoas, QL, rectus femoris, sartorius. possible sexual dysfunction, nonreflexive bladder, need for bowel grogram, UTI, muscle contractures, pressure sores.
41
Scoliosis
from 25-40° PT can help spinal orthotics, posture, flexibility, strengthening, respiratory function. curve does not progress if > 40° at maturity
42
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis forward slippage, commonly of L4-L5. William's flexion to strengthen abdominals, decrease lumbar lordosis. Scotty dog sign; common in female gymnasts.
43
Spina Bifida occulta
incomplete fusion of posterior vertebral arch; no neural tissue protruding
44
spina bifida meningocele
incomplete fusion with neural tissue/meninges protruding
45
spinal bifida myelomeningocele
incomplete fusion with meninges and spinal cord protruding.
46
Spina bifida
75% vertebral defects are in L5/S1. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) elevation can indicate neural tube defect at week 16 of gestation 
47
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
motor weakness distal-proximal progression; sensory impairment, possible respiratory paralysis. Idiopathic- possible autoimmune to respiratory infection, flu, immunization or surgery. Majority of pts have full recovery; 20% have neurological deficits, 3-5% die 2° respiratory complications.
48
MS
s/s visual problems, paresthesia, sensory changes, clumsiness, weakness, ataxia, balance dysfunction, fatigue. trt- pacing, relaxation, tone normalization, balance, gait, core training.
49
DM type 1
peak incidence at early adolesence, s/s polyuria, polysdipsia, polyphagia, nausea, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, dehydration
50
JRA (juvenile rheumatoid arthritis)
children
51
RA
females>males X3; 30-50 y.o. most common dx age. Dx through increase in rh factor, WBC count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, hematocrit values.
52
Lupus (SLE)
c.t. disorder, autoimmune. females > males 15-40 y.o. most common. s/s butterfly rash on cheeks, nose; red rash over exposed areas, arthralgias, alopecia, pleurisy, kidney involvement, seizures, depression.
53
CHF-
eti- arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, HTN, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, unstable angina, renal failure, severe anemia. L-side= pulmonary venous congestion R-side= systemic venous congestion.
54
PVD
narrowing of lumen of blood vessels causing a reduction in circulation 2° atherosclerosis.
55
PVD risk factors
phlebitis, injury, surgery, autoimmune disease, diabetes, family hx, smoking, hyperlipidemia, inactivity, HTN, increased age, obesity
56
PVD pt ed
disease process, limb protection, foot/skin care, risk factor reduction (smoking cessation, avoiding cold, etc.)
57
MI
Occurs when there's poor coronary artery perfcion, ischemia, and subsequent necrosis of cardiac tissue. usu due to thrombus, arterial block or atherosclerosis.
58
MI risk factors
pt or family hx of heart disease, smoking, physical inactivity, stress, HTN, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, obesity.
59
MI presentation
deep pain/pressure substernally, with or without pain radiating to jaw, left arm or back
60
Emphysema
chronic bronchitis leads to recurrent alveolar inflammation. can result from genetic predisposition of congenital alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.
61
Emphysema s/s
barrel chest, increased subcostal angle, rounded shoulders with tight pectorals, rosy skin color. All worsen with disease progression. include persistent cough, wheezing, dyspnea, increased respiratory rate.
62
Restrictive lung disease
class of disorders caused by pulmonary/extrapulmonary restriction leading to impairment in lung expansion and abnormal decrease in pulmonary ventilation.
63
Parkinson's disease
degerative disorder characterized by decrease in dopamine production within corpus striatum of basal ganglia.
64
parkinson's disease clinical presentation
hypokinesia, difficulty initiating/stopping movement, festinating/shuffling gait, brady kinesia, poor posture, cogwheel/leadpipe rigidity
65
Down's syndrome
s/s hypotonia, flattened nasal bridge, simian line (palmer crease) epicanthal folds, tongue enlargement, developmental delay.
66
CP
spastic- UMN damage. athetoid- cebellum, cerebellar pathways or both. s/s motor delays, abnormal muscle tone/motor control, reflex abnormalities, poor posture control, balance impairment. Mental retardation/epilepsy in 50-60%
67
ALS
males >females 40-70 y.o. UMN/LMN involvement. weakness distal to proximal. course 2-5 years with 20-30% of patients 5 years +
68
Fibromyalgia syndrome
females>males 3:1 no age correlation. nonarticular rheumatic condition. Pain at tender points in muscles, tendons, ligaments. pain at all four quadrants of body, axial pain, pain at 11/18 standardized tender points.
69
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
x-lined; males manifest; females carriers. rapid progression. inability to ambulate at 10 y.o. death in late teens to early 20s
70
Cystic fibrosis
exocrine glands overproduce thick mucus leading to obstruction. autosomal recessive, chromosome 7. terminal, median age of death at 35 years.
71
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS?)
increased sympathetic activity with increased norepinephrine- vascoconstricion, pain, increased sensitivity to peripheral stimulation. females>males 3X, 35-60 most common; all age group effected. spreads proximally.
72
Osteoporosis
metabolic disorder where bone formation
73
Anklosing spondylitis
system inflammation of spine and larger peripheral joints. Males>females 2-3X 20-40 y.o. s/s recurrent insidious onset back pain, morning stiffness, impaired spinal extension.
74
CVA L
R hemi, impaired processing, increased frustration, aphasia, dysphagia, motor apraxia.
75
CVA R
L hemi, poor attention span, impaired awareness/judgement, spatial/memory deficits, emotional lability, impulsive behavior

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