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Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Achilles tendon rupture

A

occurs 1-2 inches above calcaneous
happens to 30-50 year olds
can’t stand on toes, and can’t perform Thompsons test

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2
Q

Adhesive Capsulitis

A

Occurs more in middle aged population and males
Arthogram can assist with diagnosis by decreasing volume of fluid within the joint capsule.
ROM restriction typically in a capsular pattern

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3
Q

Amytrophic Lateral Scelerosis

A

affects mostly 40-70 males
Includes Upper and Lower Motor neurons weakness in proximal progression.
lasts 2-5 years, 20-30% survive longer than 5 years.

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4
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

inflammation of spine
Males 20-40 at risk
back pain, stiffness and impaired spinal extension

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5
Q

ACL SprainGrade III

A

FEMALES AT RISK

Associated with meniscal tear.

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6
Q

Bicepital Tendonitis

A

deep ache in shoulder when reaching overhead

Positive Speed and Yergesons Test

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7
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Females 35-55

atrophy in abductor pollicus Median Nerve

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8
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Upper Motor Nueron damage to the cerebellum

Mental Retardation Epilepsy in 50-60% percent of cases

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9
Q

Left CVA

A 
paralysis to the Right side
impaired processing
heightened frusturation
dysphagia
motor praxia
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10
Q

Right CVA

A 
poor attention
impaired awareness
spatial defecits
memory defecits
emotional liability
and impulsive behaivor
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11
Q

CHF (Left side)

A

generally associated with pulm venous congestion

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12
Q

CHF (Right side)

A

systemic venous congestion

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13
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

exocrine glands produce excessive mucous
recessive gene Ch 7
terminal at 35

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14
Q

Degenerative Spondylolisthesis

A

weakening of joint allowing forward slippage
at L4-5 level
Use Williams Flexion exc

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15
Q

Downs

A

hypotonia

exc encouraged

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16
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

Xlinked recessive trait in male
waddling gait weak walk and proximal mm weakness
Can not walk by 10-12 yrs of age.

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17
Q

Emphysema

A

from chronic bronchritis
barrel chest and rounded shoulders
persistent cough, wheezy and trouble breathing

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18
Q

Fibromalygia

A

tender points in muscles

greter in females

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19
Q

Full thickness Burn

A

Burn causes immediate cellular/tissue death and vascular destruction
Eschar forms
requires debridement
absent sensation due to burning of nerve ending

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20
Q

GB Syndrome

A

motor weakness and respitory parlysis
unkown autoimmue cause
full recovery expected

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21
Q

Adhesive capsulitis

A

Females > Males; Dx by arthrogram: increased fluid volume in joint capsule. ROM follows capsular pattern: ER

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22
Q

TOS

A

Thoracic outlet syndrome. Females > Males 30-40 y.o. usu secondary to compression/damage to brachial plexus, subclavian vascular supply, axillary artery.

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23
Q

TOS contributing factors

A

cervical rib, abnormal first rib, postural deviations, hypertrophy/spasms of scalenes, elongated cervical transverse process

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24
Q

Rotator cuff tendonitis

A

usu secondary to weakness in supraspinatus to adequately depress head of humerus during elevation of arm. Painful arc sign 60-120°. linked to overhead activities- paining, tennis, baseball, etc.

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25
Q

Lateral epicondylitis

A

Tennis elbow. inflammation/degenerative changes at common extensor tendon. repeated overuse of wrist extensors

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26
Q

Lateral epicondylitis s/s

A

difficulty holding/gripping objects; low forearm functional strength.

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27
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

females > males; 35-55 y.o. atropy 1st of APB, later all thenar muscles. Dx with EMG, tinel’s, phalen’s.

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28
Q

Bicipital Tendonitis

A

increased w/sports- pitching, swimming, rowing, gymnastics, tennis. c/o deep ache in front/top of shoulder. worse w/overhead activity. special tests: speed’s or yergason’s.

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29
Q

THA

A

posteriolateral spares abductors; increases instability secondary to “interruption” of posterior capsule. Cemented hip- PWB initially; non-cemented ttwb to 6 weeks.

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30
Q

transfemoral amputation secondary to osteosarcoma

A

highly malignant cancer. begins in medullary cavity. post-op: fatigue, LoB, phantom pain, hypersensitivity of residual limb, psychological issues. Prone positioning key to prevent contractures.

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31
Q

TKA

A

usu b/c of destruction of articular cartilage 2° OA. post op- knee immobilizers, elevation of limb, cryotherapy, CPM, initiation of TE. pt ed- things to avoid (excessive stress to knee, squatting quick pivot, etc.)

32
Q

PFPS

A

damage to articular cartilage of patella. unknown etiology; common during adolescence females>males; direction association with activity level. trt: control edema, stretch, strengthen, increase ROM; activity modification.

33
Q

MCL sprain, grade 2

A

MCL sprain, grade 2 partial tearing- joint laxity when ligament stretched. MOI- blow to outside of knee, increased stress to medial side of joint. resolved in 4-8 weeks after injury if no other structures are involved.

34
Q

ACL grade 3

A

occurs w/hyperflexion (?) rapid deceleration, hyper extension or landing in an unbalanced position. females > males. 2/3 complete ACLs have meniscal tear.

35
Q

Achilles tendon rupture

A

usual 1-2 inches above teninous insertion. 30-50 y.o. without hx of calf/heel pain. + thompson test.

36
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

chronic over use; usu. develops 2° repetitive stretching of plantar fascia through excessive pronation. Characterized by severe pain in heel. trt: ice massage, deep friction massage, heel insert, orthotics, activity mod, stretching.

37
Q

TMJ

A

females>males 20-40 y.o.. s/s- pain, muscles spams, abnormal/limited ROM, headache, tinnitus. trt: education, posture, modalities- HP, biofeedback, u/s, e-stim, tens.

38
Q

TBI

A

open/closed head injury. swelling, axonal injury, hypoxia, hematoma, hemorrhage, change in intercranial pressure. high risk groups: males 15-24, 65+, 1-2 y.o.

39
Q

SCI C7 complete tetraplegia

A

s/s impaired cough, altered breathing pattern, poor endurance; lowest innervated muscles- triceps, epl, epb, fcr. outcomes- I w/feeding, grooming, dressing, self ROM, w/c, tf, driving w/adapted auto

40
Q

SCI complete L3 para

A

partial innervation of gracilis, iliopsoas, QL, rectus femoris, sartorius. possible sexual dysfunction, nonreflexive bladder, need for bowel grogram, UTI, muscle contractures, pressure sores.

41
Q

Scoliosis

A

from 25-40° PT can help spinal orthotics, posture, flexibility, strengthening, respiratory function. curve does not progress if > 40° at maturity

42
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Spondylolisthesis forward slippage, commonly of L4-L5. William’s flexion to strengthen abdominals, decrease lumbar lordosis. Scotty dog sign; common in female gymnasts.

43
Q

Spina Bifida occulta

A

incomplete fusion of posterior vertebral arch; no neural tissue protruding

44
Q

spina bifida meningocele

A

incomplete fusion with neural tissue/meninges protruding

45
Q

spinal bifida myelomeningocele

A

incomplete fusion with meninges and spinal cord protruding.

46
Q

Spina bifida

A

75% vertebral defects are in L5/S1. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) elevation can indicate neural tube defect at week 16 of gestation


47
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

motor weakness distal-proximal progression; sensory impairment, possible respiratory paralysis. Idiopathic- possible autoimmune to respiratory infection, flu, immunization or surgery. Majority of pts have full recovery; 20% have neurological deficits, 3-5% die 2° respiratory complications.

48
Q

MS

A

s/s visual problems, paresthesia, sensory changes, clumsiness, weakness, ataxia, balance dysfunction, fatigue. trt- pacing, relaxation, tone normalization, balance, gait, core training.

49
Q

DM type 1

A

peak incidence at early adolesence, s/s polyuria, polysdipsia, polyphagia, nausea, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, dehydration

50
Q

JRA (juvenile rheumatoid arthritis)

A

children

51
Q

RA

A

females>males X3; 30-50 y.o. most common dx age. Dx through increase in rh factor, WBC count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, hematocrit values.

52
Q

Lupus (SLE)

A

c.t. disorder, autoimmune. females > males 15-40 y.o. most common. s/s butterfly rash on cheeks, nose; red rash over exposed areas, arthralgias, alopecia, pleurisy, kidney involvement, seizures, depression.

53
Q

CHF-

A

eti- arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, HTN, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, unstable angina, renal failure, severe anemia. L-side= pulmonary venous congestion R-side= systemic venous congestion.

54
Q

PVD

A

narrowing of lumen of blood vessels causing a reduction in circulation 2° atherosclerosis.

55
Q

PVD risk factors

A

phlebitis, injury, surgery, autoimmune disease, diabetes, family hx, smoking, hyperlipidemia, inactivity, HTN, increased age, obesity

56
Q

PVD pt ed

A

disease process, limb protection, foot/skin care, risk factor reduction (smoking cessation, avoiding cold, etc.)

57
Q

MI

A

Occurs when there’s poor coronary artery perfcion, ischemia, and subsequent necrosis of cardiac tissue. usu due to thrombus, arterial block or atherosclerosis.

58
Q

MI risk factors

A

pt or family hx of heart disease, smoking, physical inactivity, stress, HTN, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, obesity.

59
Q

MI presentation

A

deep pain/pressure substernally, with or without pain radiating to jaw, left arm or back

60
Q

Emphysema

A

chronic bronchitis leads to recurrent alveolar inflammation. can result from genetic predisposition of congenital alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.

61
Q

Emphysema s/s

A

barrel chest, increased subcostal angle, rounded shoulders with tight pectorals, rosy skin color. All worsen with disease progression. include persistent cough, wheezing, dyspnea, increased respiratory rate.

62
Q

Restrictive lung disease

A

class of disorders caused by pulmonary/extrapulmonary restriction leading to impairment in lung expansion and abnormal decrease in pulmonary ventilation.

63
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

degerative disorder characterized by decrease in dopamine production within corpus striatum of basal ganglia.

64
Q

parkinson’s disease clinical presentation

A

hypokinesia, difficulty initiating/stopping movement, festinating/shuffling gait, brady kinesia, poor posture, cogwheel/leadpipe rigidity

65
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

s/s hypotonia, flattened nasal bridge, simian line (palmer crease) epicanthal folds, tongue enlargement, developmental delay.

66
Q

CP

A

spastic- UMN damage. athetoid- cebellum, cerebellar pathways or both. s/s motor delays, abnormal muscle tone/motor control, reflex abnormalities, poor posture control, balance impairment. Mental retardation/epilepsy in 50-60%

67
Q

ALS

A

males >females 40-70 y.o. UMN/LMN involvement. weakness distal to proximal. course 2-5 years with 20-30% of patients 5 years +

68
Q

Fibromyalgia syndrome

A

females>males 3:1 no age correlation. nonarticular rheumatic condition. Pain at tender points in muscles, tendons, ligaments. pain at all four quadrants of body, axial pain, pain at 11/18 standardized tender points.

69
Q

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

A

x-lined; males manifest; females carriers. rapid progression. inability to ambulate at 10 y.o. death in late teens to early 20s

70
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

exocrine glands overproduce thick mucus leading to obstruction. autosomal recessive, chromosome 7. terminal, median age of death at 35 years.

71
Q

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS?)

A

increased sympathetic activity with increased norepinephrine- vascoconstricion, pain, increased sensitivity to peripheral stimulation. females>males 3X, 35-60 most common; all age group effected. spreads proximally.

72
Q

Osteoporosis

A

metabolic disorder where bone formation

73
Q

Anklosing spondylitis

A

system inflammation of spine and larger peripheral joints. Males>females 2-3X 20-40 y.o. s/s recurrent insidious onset back pain, morning stiffness, impaired spinal extension.

74
Q

CVA L

A

R hemi, impaired processing, increased frustration, aphasia, dysphagia, motor apraxia.

75
Q

CVA R

A

L hemi, poor attention span, impaired awareness/judgement, spatial/memory deficits, emotional lability, impulsive behavior

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