Book1 Flashcards
1
Q
anterior deltoid action:
A
shoulder flexion
2
Q
posterior deltoid action:
A
shoulder extension
3
Q
supraspinatus and deltoid (all fibers) action:
A
should abduction
4
Q
Shoulder adductors:
A
pect major
5
Q
shoulder internal rotators:
A
subscapularis
6
Q
shoulder external rotators:
A
infraspinatus
7
Q
elbow flexors:
A
brachioradialis (with forearm neutral)
8
Q
triceps brachii action:
A
elbow extension
9
Q
pronation muscles:
A
pronator teres
10
Q
supination muscles:
A
supinator
11
Q
wrist flexion:
A
palmaris longus
12
Q
wrist extension:
A
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
13
Q
radial deviation:
A
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
14
Q
ulnar deviation:
A
extensor carpi ulnaris
15
Q
hip flexion:
A
iliopsoas
16
Q
hip extension:
A
gluteus maximus (with knee flexed)
17
Q
hip abduction:
A
gluts
18
Q
hip adduction:
A
adductors
19
Q
hip internal rotation:
A
gluteus medius
20
Q
hip external rotation:
A
Lat 6
21
Q
knee extension:
A
quads
22
Q
knee flexion:
A
hamstrings
23
Q
ankle dorsiflexion:
A
tibialis anterior
24
Q
ankle plantar flexion:
A
gastrocnemius and soleus
25
ankle inversion:
tibialis anterior
26
ankle eversion:
peroneus longus
27
cervical extension:
bilateral upper trap
28
cervical flexion:
bilateral sternocleidomastoid
29
cervical rotation:
sternocleidomastoid (to opposite side)
30
trunk flexion:
rectus abdominus
31
trunk extension:
bilateral erector spinae
32
trunk lateral flexion:
(all unilaterally)
33
scapular retraction:
rhomboids
34
scapular protraction:
serratus anterior
35
scapular elevation:
upper trap
36
scapular depression:
lower trap
37
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex:
stimulus: head position, turned to one side
38
ATNR interferes with:
-feeding
-visual tracking
-midline use of hands
-bilateral hand use
-rolling
-dev of crawling
39
symmetrical tonic neck reflex:
stimulus: head position, flexion or extension
40
STNR interferes with:
- ability to prop on arms in prone position
- attaining and maintaining hands-and-knees position
- crawling reciprocally
- sitting balance when looking around
- use of hands when looking at object in hands in sitting position
41
Tonic Labyrinthine reflex:
stimulus: position of labyrinth in inner ear-reflected in head position
42
TLR interferes with:
ability to initiate rolling
-ability to prop on elbows with extended hips when prone
-ability to flex trunk and hips to come to sitting position from supine position
-often causes full body extension, which interferes with balance in sitting or standing
43
Galant reflex:
stimulus: touch to skin along spine from shoulder to hip
44
Galant reflex interferes with:
development of sitting balance
45
palmar grasp reflex:
stimulus: pressure in palm on ulnar side of hand
46
palmar grasp reflex interferes with:
ability to grasp and release objects voluntarily
47
plantar grasp reflex:
stimulus: pressure to base of toes
48
plantar grasp reflex interferes with:
ability to stand with feet flat on surface
49
rooting reflex:
stimulus: touch on cheek
50
rooting reflex interferes with:
oral-motor development
51
moro reflex:
stimulus: head dropping into extension suddenly a few inches
52
moro reflex interferes with:
balance reactions in sitting
53
startle reflex:
stimulus: loud, sudden noise
54
startle reflex interferes with:
sitting balance
55
positive support reflex:
stimulus: weight placed on balls of feet when upright
56
positive support reflex interferes with:
standing and walking
57
walking (stepping) reflex:
stimulus: supported upright position with soles of feet on firm surface
58
walking (stepping) reflex interferes with:
standing and walking
59
C1 Nerve Root:
dermatome: vertex of skull
60
C2 Nerve Root:
dermatome: temple, forehead, occiput
61
C3 Nerve Root:
dermatome: entire neck, posterior cheek, temporal area, prolongation forward under midline
62
C4 Nerve Root:
dermatome: shoulder area, clavicular area, upper scapular area
63
C5 Nerve Root:
dermatome: deltoid area, anterior aspect of entire arm to base of thumb
64
C6 Nerve Root:
dermatome: anterior arm, radial side of hand to thumb index finger
65
C7 Nerve Root:
dermatome: lateral arm and forearm to index finger, long and ring fingers
66
C8 Nerve Root:
dermatome: medial arm and forearm to long, ring, and little fingers
67
T1 Nerve Root:
dermatome: medial side of forearm to base of little finger
68
T2 Nerve Root:
dermatome: medial side of upper arm to medial elbow, pectoral and midscapular areas
69
T3-T12 Nerve Roots:
T3-T6: upper thorax
70
T1-T2 Nerve Root:
disk lesions at upper two thoracic levels do not appear to give rise to root weakness. Weakness of intrinsic muscles of hand is due to other pathology.
71
T3-T12 nerve Root:
articular and dural signs and root pain are common. Root signs (cutaneous analgesia) are rare and have such indefinite area that they have little localizing value. Weakness is not detectable
72
L1 Nerve Root:
dermatome: back, over trochanter and groin
73
L2 Nerve Root:
dermatome: back, front of thigh to knee
74
L3 Nerve Root:
dermatome: back, upper buttock, anterior thigh and knee, medial lower leg
75
L4 Nerve Root:
dermatome: medial buttock, lateral thigh, medial leg, dorsum of foot, big toe
76
L5 Nerve Root:
dermatome: buttock, posterior and lateral thigh, lateral aspect of leg, dorsum of foot, medial half of sole, first, second and third toes
77
S1 Nerve Root:
dermatome: lateral and plantar aspect of foot
78
S2 Nerve Root:
dermatome: buttock, thigh, and leg posterior
79
S3 Nerve Root:
dermatome: groin, medial thigh to knee
80
S4 Nerve Root:
dermatome: perineum, genitals, lower sacrum
81
antalgic gait:
a protective gait pattern where the involved step length is decreased in order to avoid weight bearing on the involved side, usually secondary to pain.
82
ataxic gait:
a gait pattern characterized by staggering and unsteadiness. There is usually a wide BOS and movements are exaggerated.
83
cerebellar gait:
a staggering gait pattern seen in cerebellar disease.
84
circumduction gait:
a gait pattern characterized by a circular motion to advance the leg during swing phase; this may be used to compensate for insufficient hip or knee flexion or dorsiflexion.
85
double step gait:
a gait pattern in which alternate steps are of a different length or at a different rate.
86
equine gait:
a gait pattern characterized by high steps; usually involves excessive activity of the gastrocnemius.
87
festinating gait:
a gait pattern where a patient walks on toes as though pushed. It starts slowly, increases, and may continue until the patient grasps an object in order to stop.
88
hemiplegic gait:
a gait pattern in which patients abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in front of them.
89
Parkinsonian gait:
a gait pattern marked by increased forward flexion of the trunk and knees; gait is shuffling with quick and small steps; festinating may occur.
90
scissor gait:
a gait pattern in which the legs cross midline upon advancement
91
spastic gait:
a gait pattern with stiff movement, toes seeming to catch and drag, legs held together, and hip and knee joints slightly flexed. Commonly seen in spastic paraplegia
92
steppage gait:
a gait pattern in which the feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights; usually secondary to dorsiflexor weakness. the foot will slap at initial contact with the ground secondary to decreased control.
93
tabetic gait:
a high steppage ataxic gait pattern in which the feet slap the ground
94
trendelenburg gait:
a gait pattern that denotes gluteus medius weakness; excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over the stance leg.
95
vaulting gait:
a gait pattern where the swing leg advances by compensating through the combination of elevation of the pelvis and plantar flexion of the stance leg.
96
weak dorsiflexors or dorsiflexor paralysis can cause what gait deviation?
foot slap
97
toe down instead of heel strike can be caused by?
- plantar flexor spasticity
- plantar flexor contracture
- weak dorsiflexors
- dorsiflexor paralysis
- leg length discrepancy
- hindfoot pain
98
clawing of toes causes:
- toe flexor spasticity
| - positive support reflex
99
heel lift during midstance causes:
- insufficient dorsiflexion range
| - plantar flexor spasticity
100
no toe off gait deviation causes:
- forefoot/toe pain
- weak PF's
- weak toe flexors
- insufficient PF ROm
101
exaggerated knee flexion at contact causes:
- weak quads
- quads paralysis
- hamstrings spasticity
- insufficient extension ROM
102
hyperextension in stance causes:
- compensation for weak quads
| - plantar flexor contracture
103
exaggerated knee flexion at terminal stance causes:
- knee flexion contracture
| - hip flexion contracture
104
insufficient flexion with swing causes:
- knee effusion
- quad extension spasticity
- plantar flexor spasticity
- insufficient flexion ROM
105
excessive flexion with swing causes:
- flexor withdrawal reflex
| - lower extremity flexor synergy
106
insufficient hip flexion at initial contact causes:
- weak hip flexors
- hip flexor paralysis
- hip extensor spasticity
- insufficient hip flexion ROM
107
insufficient hip extension at stance causes:
- insufficient hip extension ROM
- hip flexion contracture
- lower extremity flexor synergy
108
circumduction during swing causes:
- compensation for weak hip flexors
- compensation for weak DF
- compensation for weak hamstrings
109
hip hiking during swing causes:
- compensation for weak DF
- compensation for weak knee flexors
- compensation for extensor synergy pattern
110
exaggerated hip flexion during swing causes:
- lower extremity flexor synergy
| - compensation for insufficient ankle DF
111
Lateral Bending (prosthetic causes):
- prosthesis may be too short
- improperly shaped lateral wall
- high medial wall
- prosthesis aligned in abduction
112
Lateral Bending (amputee causes):
- poor balance
- abduction contracture
- improper training
- short residual limb
- weak hip abd's on prosthetic side
- hypersensitive and painful residual limb
113
Abducted Gait (prosthetic causes):
- prosthesis may be too long
- high medial wall
- poorly shaped lateral wall
- prosthesis positioned in abduction
- inadequate suspension
- excessive knee friction
114
Abducted gait (amputee causes):
- abduction contracture
- improper training
- adductor roll
- weak hip flexors and adductors
- pain over lateral residual limb
115
Circumducted gait (prosthetic causes):
Circumducted gait (prosthetic causes): -prosthesis may be too long
- too much friction in the knee
- socket is too small
- excessive plantar flexion of prosthetic foot
116
circumducted gait (amputee causes):
- abd contracture
- improper training
- weak hip flexors
- lacks confidence to flex the knee
- painful anterior distal residual limb
- inability to initiate prosthetic knee flexion
117
excessive knee flexion during stance (prosthetic causes):
- socket set forward in relation to foot
- foot set in excessive DF
- stiff heel
- prosthesis too long
118
excessive knee flexion during stance (amputee causes):
- knee flexion contracture
- hip flexion contracture
- pain anteriorly in residual limb
- decrease in quads strength
- poor balance
119
vaulting (prosthetic causes):
#NAM-prosthesis may be too long
- inadequate socket suspension
- excessive alignment stability
- foot in excessive plantar flexion
120
vaulting (amputee causes):
- residual limb discomfort
- improper training
- fear of stubbing toe
- short residual limb
- painful hip/residual limb
121
Rotation of forefoot at heel strike (prosthetic causes):
#-excessive toe-out built in
- loose fitting socket
- inadequate suspension
- rigid SACH heel cushion
122
Rotation of forefoot at heel strike (amputee causes):
-poor muscle control
-improper training
-weak medial rotators
-short residual limb
123
forward trunk flexion (prosthetic causes):
- socket too big
- poor suspension
- knee instability
124
Forward trunk flexion (amputee causes):
- hip flexion contracture
- weak hip extensors
- pain with ischial weight bearing
- inability to initiate prosthetic knee flexion
125
medial or lateral whip (prosthetic causes):
```
#NAME?-excessive rotation of the knee
-tight socket fit
-valgus in the prosthetic knee
-improper alignment of toe break
```
126
medial or lateral whip (amputee causes):
#-improper training
-weak hip rotators
-knee instability
127
heparin (anticoagulant):
most common side effect: excessive bleeding
128
nerve root pain:
sharp, shooting and burning
129
muscle pain:
cramping, dull, aching, worsens when muscle's contracted or lengthened
130
bone pain:
deep, intolerable, boring and highly localized
131
vascular pain:
diffuse, throbbing, aching and poorly localized. often referred to other parts of the body
132
volumetric measurements:
are used to quantify the presence of edema in the wrist and hand by examining the amount of water displaced following immersion.
133
stages of ulcers: stage I-
observable pressure related alteration of intact skin whose indications as compared to another area of skin, may have changes in skin color, temperature, stiffness or sensation.
134
stages of ulcers: stage II-
partial-thickness skin loss that involves the epidermis and/or dermis. ulcers superficial and presents as an abrasion, a blister or shallow crater.
135
stages of ulcers: stage III-
full thickness skin loss that involves damage or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend down to, but not through, underlying fascia. clinically presents as a deep crater with or without undermining adjacent tissue.
136
stages of ulcers: stage IV-
full thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures (ex tendon, joint capsule)
137
epigastric area:
upper central region of abdomen. located between costal margins and the subcostal plane. Applying manual hand pressure INWARDS & UPWARDS over the epigastric area can assist the patient to cough and promote airway clearance.
138
hip extension end feel:
firm due to anterior joint capsule and the iliofemoral ligament
139
ultrasound:
3mhz-treats less than 2 cm
140
wheelchair measurements:
-between edge of seat and posterior aspect of leg should be 2" (3-4 fingers).
141
wheelchair ramp measurement:
MAX recommendation-8.3%. 1 inch rise/12 inch run.
142
hertz:
unit of measure describes the number of cycles per second using alternating current.
143
coulomb:
amount of electrical charge transported in one second by a steady current of one ampere.
144
S&S of Anemia(decreased RBC's, delivery of oxygen to tissues is impaired):
SOB and heart palpitations, pallor, cyanosis, cool skin and malaise.
145
RULE OF 9'S (adult burn % of body):
head-9%
146
QRS complex:
depolarization of Right and Left ventricles of heart seen on ECG machine. Normally lasts .06-.10s (ex. 81 bps x 10=.80 bpm)
147
Cor Pulmonale:
right sided heart failure, secondary lung disease.
148
intermittent claudication:
lower extremity cramps which develop during activity and disappear after rest. Peripheral pulses are often diminished.
149
pulmonary embolism:
one or more arteries in the lungs becomes blocked, secondary to blood clots in LE's.
150
dysmetria:
inability to modulate movement where patients will either overestimate or underestimate their targets.
151
cerebellum:
is normally responsible for the timing, force, extent and direction of the limb movement in order to correctly reach a target.
152
dysdiadochokinesia:
inability to perform rapid alternating movements. (ex: pronation/supination quickly). Secondary to cerebellum damage
153
rotator cuff:
-large tears (3-5 cm). Able to return to recreational activities @ 24-28 weeks.
154
medial ligament of talocrural joint aka:
deltoid ligament
155
kinesthesia:
aweareness of the position and movement of body parts by means of sensory organs in muscles and joints.
156
fibrous joints:
synarthroses
157
cartilaginous joints:
diarthroses
158
dyspnea:
shortness of breath
159
Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments:
effective and inexpensive device for identifying diabetic patients at risk of foot ulceration.
160
Hodgkins lymphoma:
cancer affecting lymphatic system
161
Graves disease:
immune system disorder that results in overproduction of thyroid hormones
162
exophthalmos:
protruding eyeball anteriorly out of socket
163
Legg Calve perthes disease:
childhood disease effecting the hips. Ages 4-8. Occurs when blood supply to ball and socket joint is interrupted, breaking easily and healing poorly.
164
Spina Bifida:
part of group of birth defects called neutral tube defects. Neural tube doesn't develop or close properly causing defects in the spinal cord and backbones.
165
Spina Bifida Occulta:
mildest form. separation/gap of vertebrae.
166
Meningocele (form of spina bifida):
meninges of spinal cord pushes out through vertebrae. can be surgically removed with little to no damage.
167
Myelomenigocele (form of spina bifida):
open spina bifida-most sever. spinal canal remains open along several vertebrae. Causing both membranes and spinal cord to protrude at birth forming a sac on the babys back.
168
emphysema:
COPD characterized by abnormal and permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by obstructive changes in the walls. Lungs become hyperinflated due to the loss of elastic recoil, obstruction to airflow is seen as an increase in total lung capacity, residual volume and functional residual capacity.
169
superficial burn:
only outer epidermis. may be red with slight edema. healing without scarring within 2-5 days.
170
superficial partial thickness burn:
involves epidermis and the upper portion of the dermis. The involved area may be extremely painful and exhibit blisters. Healing occurs with minimal to no scarring within 5-21 days.
171
deep partial thickness burn:
complete destruction of the epidermis and the majority of the dermis. Discolored with broken blisters and edema. Damage to nerve endings may result in only moderate levels of pain. Healing occurs with potential for hypertrophic scars and keloids in 21-35 days.
172
full thickness burn:
destruction of epidermis and dermis completely with partial damage of subcutaneous layer. presents with eschar formation and minimal to no pain. Patients w/ full thickness burns requiregrafts and may be susceptible to infections.
173
compression garments:
10mmHg-50mmHg
174
max effort:
failure of the heart rate to increase with further increases in intensity
175
perceived exertion scale:
20-Jun
176
dyspnea scale:
ex: 2-4 = moderate, bothersome degree of breathlessness.
177
iontophoresis:
process by which medications are induce through the skin into the body by means of continuous direct current e-stim. Check pt every 3-5 minutes.
178
primary purpose of arterial line:
to measure blood pressure and can sample arterial blood.
179
balloon tipped catheter:
measures right arterial pressure or pulmonary pressure.
180
dexamethasone:
corticosteroid. used to treat inflammation.
181
Innvervations:
S1-S2: lateral hamstring reflex
182
max heartrate:
220-age
183
weak ____ gluteus medius-->____ pelvic dropping during _____ swing phase.
Right, left, left
184
athetosis:
slow, writhing, and involuntary movements that may occur with damage to the BASAL GANGLIA. May look "worm like".
185
cerebellar degeneration S&S:
dysmetria, nystagmus, dysdiadochokinesia.
186
nystagmus:
gaze evoked attempt to look toward an object in periphery, but eyes will drift back to neutral.
187
Autonomic dysreflexia:
occurs when a noxious stimulus below the level of the lesion triggers the autonomic nervous system causing a sudden elevation IN BLOOD PRESSURE. Common in patients with SCI ABOVE T6 level.
188
stereognosis:
the perception of a form of an object by means of TOUCH.
189
posterior cord syndrome:
refers to a relatively rare incomplete lesion caused by compression of the posterior spinal artery.
190
Brown Sequards Syndrome:
incomplete lesion usually caused by a stab wound, which produces hemisection of the spinal cod.
191
Cauda Equina injury:
occurs BELOW the L1 spinal level where the long nerve roots transcend. can be complete, however, are frequently incomplete due to the large number of nerve roots in the area.
192
areflexia:
absence of reflexes
193
Brunnstrom stages of Recovery:
stage 2: movement occurs primarily in the form of associated reactions and spasticity develops.
194
sulfadiazine:
eliminates bacteria that causes infection, especially UTI's.
195
_____ helps maximize all steps of an effective cough.
sitting
196
osteognosis imperfecta:
genetic disorder where bones break easily. caused by one of several genes not working right.
197
Guillain Barre Syndrome:
BODY'S IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS YOUR NERVES.
198
Hydrotherapy tanks:
transfers heat through water (wound care, edema control).
199
extremity tanks:
used for distal UE or LE.
200
lowboy tank:
used for larger parts of the extremities and permits long sitting with water up to the midthoracic level.
201
highboy tank:
used for larger parts of the extremities and the trunk. This tank permits sitting in chest high water with hips and knees flexed.
202
hubbard tank:
used for fully body immersion.
203
therapeutic pool:
temperature 78-97 degrees. Depending on patient age, health and goals. Used for exercising in a water medium.
204
whirlpool:
varied sizes: can accommodate whole body or isolated body part. 10-13 minutes.
205
mechanoreceptors:
are sensory receptors that respond to mechanical deformation of the area surrounding a receptor. They are cutaneous sensory receptors that are located at the terminal end of the afferent fibers. Responsible for sensations of touch, pressure, itch, tickle, vibration, and discriminative touch.
206
nociceptors:
are specialized peripheral free nerve endings that are found throughout different tissues with in the body that response to noxious stimuli and result in the perception of pain.
207
deep sensory receptors:
are sensory receptors that are located in the muscles, tendons and joints. Muscle and joint receptors are both classified as deep sensory receptors and include Golgi tendon organs, Pacinian corpuscles, muscle spindle, Ruffini endings, free nerve endings and joint receptors. They evaluate position sense, proprioception, muscle tone and movement.
208
ankylosing spondylitis:
aka Marie Strumpell disease.
209
alternating isometrics:
isometric contractions that are performed alternating from muscles on one side of the joint to the other side without rest. Emphasizes endurance and strengthening.
210
Resisted progression:
used to improve coordination of proximal components during gait. Resistance is applied an area such as the pelvis, hips or extremity during the gait cycle in order to enhance coordination, strength or endurance.
211
agonistic reversal:
concentric contraction that is performed against resistance followed by alternating concentric and eccentric contractions with resistance. It's used in a slow and sequential manner and may be used to incrementially through out the range to obtain max control.
212
contract-relax:
used specifically to increase ROM. as the extremity reaches the point of limitation, the patient performs a max contraction of the antagonistic muscle group. The therapist resists movement for 8-10 seconds with relaxation to follow movement into the shortened range. The technique is repeated until no further gains in ROM are noted.
213
descriptor differential scale:
consists of 12 descriptor items each centered over 21 horizontal dashes. At the extreme left dash is a minus sign and at the extreme right dash is a plus sign. Patients are asked to rate the magnitude of their pain in terms of each descriptor.
214
verbal rating scale:
most often used to assess pain affect. The scale typically consists of a series of adjectives describing increasing levels of unpleasantness such as "distracting" "oppressive" or "agonizing"
215
visual analogue scale:
is a tool used to assess pain intensity using a 10-15 cm line with the left anchor indicating "no pain" and the right indicating "worst pain ever". The level of perceived pain is indicated on the line and is reassessed frequently over the course of PT to qualify changes in the pain level and to assess progress.
216
numerical rating scale:
asks patients to rate their perceived level of pain intensity on a numerical scale from 0-10 or 0-100. "0"-no pain, "10"-worst pain ever.
217
olfactory nerve (I):
sensory. smell.
218
optic nerve (II):
sensory. eye
219
oculomotor nerve (III):
motor.
220
trochlear nerve (IV):
motor. superior oblique muscle of eye.
221
trigeminal nerve (V):
sensory/motor.
222
abducens nerve (VI):
motor. lateral movement of eye.
223
facial nerve (VII):
sensory/motor.
224
vestibulocochlear/acoustic nerve (VIII):
sensory. hearing and balance.
225
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX):
sensory/motor.
226
vagus nerve (X):
sensory/motor.
227
accessory/spinal nerve (XI):
motor. SCM and trapezius muscles.
228
hypoglossal nerve (XII):
motor. muscles of tongue.
229
droplet precautions:
individuals within 3 feet of patient to wear a mask.
230
contact precautions:
gloves, gown, mask
231
airborne precautions:
mask,
232
interrater reliability:
refers to the reproducibility of measurements made by two or more raters who measure the same subjects.
233
intrarater reliability:
refers to the reproducibility made by one individual across two or more trials.
234
internal validity:
focuses on cause and effect relationships. Specifically, if there is evidence that, given a statistical relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in an experiment, one causes the other.
235
external validity:
refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized beyond the study sample to persons, settings, and times that are different from those employed in the experimental situation. It is concerned with the usefulness of the info outside the experimental situation.
236
sciatic nerve:
extends to the tibial nerve to the medial & lateral plantar nerves.
237
deep peroneal nerve:
innervates triangular area between 1st and 2nd toes.
238
superficial peroneal nerve:
innervates lateral aspect of leg and dorsum of foot.
239
tight hip flexors =
lordosis (anterior pelvic tilt)
240
kyphosis:
excessive curve of spine in posterior direction usually in thoracic spine
241
spondylolysis:
defect in the pars interarticularis or the arch of the vertebra. most common in L5.
242
respiration rate:
is an objective measure that can be used as a gross method to assess endurance.
243
platelet count:
high: increased risk of thrombosis
244
hemoglobin-
iron in RED BLOOD CELLS
245
hemoglobin count:
high: polycythemia or dehydration
246
hematocrit:
percentage or red blood cells in blood count
247
blood urea nitrogen:
used to assess kidney function.
248
axillary nerve (C5, C6):
innervates teres minor and deltoid.
249
femoral head movement on acetabulum during hip flexion:
posteriorly and inferiorly
250
Guillain Barre Syndrome:
S&S:
251
Cardiac rehab/coronary artery disease:
which factor would be most relevant for the patient? elevated serum cholesterol (desirable range: less than 200mg/dL)
252
amitriptyline:
tricyclic antidepressant. most common side effect--sedation.
253
dysarthria:
motor disorder of speech caused by UMN lesion that affects muscles used to articulate words/sounds.
254
Brocas Aphasia (experessive aphasia):
most common. can understand, but can't verbally say what they want to.
255
Conduction aphasia-
fluent aphasia noted by severe impairment with repetition, intact fluency, good comprehension and speech interrupted by word-finding difficulties. Reading-intact. Writing-impaired.
256
global aphasia:
non fluent aphasia noted by severely impaired comprehension (reading/auditory). impaired naming/writing skills and impaired repetition skills. may involuntarily verbalize but without correct context.
257
Wernickes aphasia (receptive aphasia):
is a fluent aphasia characterized by impaired comprehension (reading & auditory) impaired writing and poor naming. Possess good articulation but use words incorrectly.
258
AIDS/HIV:
center for disease control and prevention places significant emphasis on the concept of treating each patient as if they have a transmissible or infectious disease.
259
isokinetic contractions:
occur when a muscle contracts and shortens at a constant speed. can only occur when a muscles max force of contraction exceeds the total load on the muscle.
260
osteogenesis imperfecta:
is an autosomal disorder of collagen synthesis that affects bone metabolism. children with this often have delayed developmental milestones. Secondary to ongoing fractures with immobilization, hypermobility or joints, and poorly developed muscles. the disorder is classified into 4 types ranging from mild to severe.
261
six minute walk test:
used to determine a patients functional exercise capacity. Requires a therapist to measure the distance the patient walks within a six minute period with rest periods permitted as necessary.
262
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy:
an inherited disorder, characterized y rapidly worsening muscle weakness that starts in the proximal muscles of the lower extremities and pelvis and progresses to the muscles of the shoulder and neck, followed by loss of UE's muscles and respiratory muscles.
263
spondylitis:
inflammation of a vertebrae.
264
spondyloptosis:
vertebral body is completely off the adjacent vertebrae body (grade 5). usually in lumbar/sacral area.
265
spondylolisthesis:
refers to the forward displacement of one vertebrae over another. The severity of it is based on a scale of 1-5 based on how much the VB has slipped over the VB beneath it.
266
anemia:
is a common cause of fatigue. Fatigue often results since there are inadequate number of RBC's available to transport oxygen to the tissues of the body.
267
approximation (PNF technique):
a therex technique designed to facilitate contraction and stability through joint compression. the compression force is most often applied to joints through gravity on body weight, manual contacts or weight belts.
268
rhythmic initiation (PNF technique):
is a facilitation technique that begins with voluntary relaxation followed by passive movement through increments in range. this is followed by active assistive movements progressing to resisted movements. the technique is indicated when there is a need to relax, hypertonicity, inability to initiate movement, motor learning deficits and communication deficits.
269
Timing for emphasis (PNF Technique):
is a facilitation technique that uses max resistance to elicit a sequence of contractions from major muscle components of a pattern of motion. this technique allows overflow to occur from strong to weak muscles. the technique is indicated when there is weakness and/or incoordination and is commonly used in conjunction with repeated contractions.
270
beta blockers:
decrease heart rate, blood pressure and myocardial contractility. can cause sinus bradycardia (less than 60 bpm).
271
pronation of the foot:
abd, DF, eversion
272
supination of the foot:
add, PF, inversion
273
expiratory reserve volume:
(ERV) is the additional volume of air that can be exhaled beyond the normal tidal exhalation. ERV is one component of vital capacity.
274
inspiratory reserve volume:
(IRV) is the additional volume of air that can be inhaled beyond the normal tidal inhalation. IRV is one component of vital capacity.
275
total lung capacity:
is the max volume to which the lungs can be exhaled after a max inhalation. Its the sum of vital capacity and residual volume.
276
vital capacity:
the max volume of gas that can be exhaled after a max inhalation. It's equal to the sum of IRV, ERV and tidal volume. ERV + IRV +TV=VC
277
tidal volume:
is the amount of air inspired and expired during normal resting ventilation. This volume is approx. 500 mL.
278
residual volume:
amount of air remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume has been exhaled. this volume is approx. 900-1200 mL
279
ankle bones:
navicular-medial border between talus & cuneiforms
280
repeated contractions:
used to initiate movement and sustain a contraction through the ROM. The therapist provides a quick stretch followed by isometric or isotonic contractions. Should be applied at point of where the contraction begins to diminish.
281
hold relax:
uses isometric contractions to increase ROM. the contractions are facilitated for all muscle groups at the limiting point within the ROM. Relaxation occurs and the extremity moves through the newly acquired range to the next point of limitation.
282
landau reflex:
is an equilibrium response that occurs when a child responds to prone suspension by aligning their head and extremities in line with the plane of body. 3 months -2 years of age.
283
ACL repair contraindication:
lack of skeletal maturity
284
righting reflex:
general term used to describe a group of reflexes that are responsible for the development of upright posture and smooth transitional movements. Equilibrium reactions occur in response to a change in body position or surface supports to maintain body alignment.
285
traction of lumbar spine:
typically 25% of patients body weight is generally recommended when the goal of treatment is to decrease muscle spasm or stretch soft tissue.
286
dehydration status:
increased hematocrit
287
blood urea nitrogen test:
is performed to assess kidney function. An increased blood urea nitrogen level can be indicative of dehydration, renal failure or heart failure. Normal levels are 10-20 mg/dL.
288
normal hemoglobin level:
13.3.-16.2 gm/dL (males)
289
endobronchial tube:
also called Carlens catheter, is a flexible catheter for bronchospirometry and for isolation of a portion of the lung to control secretions into the remainder of the tracheobronchial tree during general anesthesia.
290
endotracheal tube:
is an airway catheter inserted in the trachea for endotracheal intubation.
291
tracheostomy:
refers to an opening made in trachea in order to insert a catheter or tube, most often to facilitate breathing.
292
orthostatic hypotension:
a decrease in systolic BP by 20 mmhg or greater
293
spinal muscular atrophy:
is a progressive autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by anterior horn cells degeneration, paralysis and intact cognition.
294
spinal muscular atrophy:
Type 1 (Werdnig-Hoffman disease): has a life expectancy of less than 3 years.
295
median cubital vein:
communication between the basilica and cephalic veins in cubital fossa.
296
the basilic vein:
a large and superficial vein on the UE that assists with drainage of the hand and forearm.
297
cephalic vein:
located along the anterolateral surface of the biceps and is often visible through the skin.
298
saphenous:
in LE. extending from foot to the saphenous opening.
299
scapula adductors;
rhomboids and middle trapezius
300
types of autolytic debridement:
transparent films, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, and alginates
301
calcific tendonitis:
is often visible on xrays because of the relative density of calcium. the greater the density of the tissue, the more visible it will appear on xray. the supra/infraspinatus are common sites for calcific tendonitis.
302
bicipital tendonitis:
is an inflammatory process of the tendon of the long head of the biceps. The condition is characterized by subjective reports of a deep ache directly in front and on top of the shoulder made worse with overhead activities or lifting. Repeated full abduction and ER of the humeral head can lead to irritation that produces inflammation, edema, microscopic tears within the tendon and tendon degeneration.
303
supraspinatus impingement:
is caused by an inability of a weak supraspinatus muscles to adequately depress the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa during elevation of the arm. The patient may experience a feeling of weakness and identify the presence of a painful arc of motion most commonly occurring between 60-120 degrees of abduction.
304
subacromial bursitis:
refers to inflammation of the subacromial bursa between the deltoid muscle, supraspinatus tendon and the fibrous capsule of the shoulder joint. The bursa facilitates movement of the deltoid muscle over the fibrous capsule of the shoulder joint and supraspinatus tendon.
305
anthropometric measurements:
common adult ones include height, weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio and percentage of body fat. They're then compared to reference standards to assess items such as weight status and risk of disease.
306
inclinometer:
aka gravity dependent goniometers, use gravitys effect on pointers and fluid levels to measure joint position and motion.
307
Evidence based practice steps 1-4 of a well built clinical question:
PICO-
308
Romberg test:
a positive outcome is indicative of a loss of proprioception often associated with a posterior column lesion in the spinal cord or a peripheral neuropathy.
309
Claudication pain:
is a symptom of ischemia of the LE muscles caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD). Resting claudication pain is typically considered a contraindication to exercise with PAD and may be an indication that the disease process is more advanced.
310
Standard wheelchair measurements:
(for adults)
311
Degree of toe out:
3 degrees: may be associated with walking at a relative fast rate of speed
312
the normal degree of toe out _________ as the speed of walking increases.
decreases
313
Balance grades:
Normal: can weight shift all directions and accept max perturbations while maintaining their balance.
314
Firm end feels:
muscular stretch- "rubbery"
315
soft end feel:
soft tissue approximation.
316
Drug administration:
oral-swallow
317
walker height:
elbow flexion should be between 20-25 degrees.
318
quad/hamstring strength ratio:
3:02
319
e-stim:
small electrodes increase electrode resistance, while large electrodes decrease the resistance.
320
most common cause of amputations:
peripheral vascular disease
321
Peripheral vascular disease:
is caused by atherosclerosis or inflammatory process causing lumen narrowing (stenosis), embolism, vasospasm, trauma or thrombus formation. initially, symptoms may include intermittent claudication and in severe cases, amputation
322
intermittent claudication:
pain in the leg during walking or exercising due to little blood flow. It's intermittent because pain goes away when the patient rests.
323
acromioclavicular joint:
consists of a concave acromion and convex clavicle. Osteokinematic motion and arthokinematic glide occur in OPPOSITE directions.
324
the GH joint consists of a concave glenoid and convex humerus, arthrokinematic glide and orthrokinematic motion occur in _______ motions.
opposite
325
the radiocarpal joint consists of a ______ radius and a ______ humerus. Motion & glide occur in ______ directions.
concave, convex, opposite
326
the radiohumeral joint consists of a concave radius and a convex humerus. the glide and motion occur in the ______ direction.
same
327
the distal row of carpals from lateral to medial:
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
328
femoral anteversion:
or forward torsion of the femoral neck is measured by the angle of the femoral neck in relation to the femoral condyles. The mean angle of anteversion in an adult is 8-15 degrees. the amount of femoral anteversion can be quantified using Craigs test.
329
retroversion:
occurs when the plane of the femoral neck rotates backward in relation to the coronal condylar plane.
330
normal scapulothoracic abduction:
120 degrees
331
conduction:
gain or loss of heat as a result of direct contact between two materials at different temperatures.
332
convection:
gain or loss of heat as a result of air or water moving in a constant motion across the body. The rate of convection increases with air movement from wind.
333
evaporation:
refers to the transfer of heat as a liquid absorbs energy and changes to a vapor.
334
radiation:
direct transfer of heat from an energy source of higher temperature to one of cooler temperature.
335
wrist movements/goni measurements:
wrist ext: 0-70
336
plumb line:
a cord with a plumb bob attached which creates a vertical line down the body. Assuming normal posture the plumb line would fall directly through ear lobe, slightly posterior to hip joint, anterior to midline of knee, anterior to lateral malleolus.
337
Congestive heart failure:
may be due to diminished pumping ability of the VENTRICLES secondary to muscle weakening (systolic dysfunction) or to stiffening of the heart muscle that impairs the ventricles capacity to relax and fill (diastolic dysfunction). with systolic dysfunction, the weak heart pumps a smaller volume of blood for each contraction of the ventricles (stroke volume), reducing cardiac output.
338
wheelchair measurement:
back of chair:
339
ice massage:
tx time: requires 5-10 minutes due to intensity of cooling.
340
allograft/hemograft:
temporary skin graft taken from another human, usually a cadaver, to cover a burn.
341
autograft:
permanent skin graft taken from a donor site on the patients own body
342
heterograft/xenograft:
temporary skin graft taen from another species
343
serratus anterior innervation:
long thoracic nerve
344
pectoralis minor innervation:
medial pectoral nerve
345
levator scapulae innervation:
dorsal scapular nerve
346
rhomboids innvervation:
dorsal scapular nerve
347
latissimus dorsi innervation:
thoracodorsal nerve
348
teres major innervation:
lower subscapular nerve
349
supraspinatus innervation:
suprascapular nerver
350
infraspinatus innervation:
suprascapular nerve
351
lumbar spine pressure positions from lowest load to greatest load:
#NAME?
352
wheelchair measurements;
32 inches: minimum required width of a doorway
353
Four rules of asepsis:
#NAME?
354
TENS (transcutaneous nerve stimulation):
frequency is significantly greater with sensory level stim than with motor level stim.
355
concurrent validity:
is demonstrated when the measurement to be validated and "gold standard" are measured at relatively the same time so that they both reflect the same incident or behavior.
356
quad cane:
used on UE opposite affected LE. Longer legs face AWAY from the patient.
357
Tendons behind the knee (posterior knee):
semitendinosis (medial tendon) and biceps femoris of hamstrings tendons. prominent during a leg curl.
358
C6 Nerve Root:
damage results in diminished sensation on the anterior arm and index finger (assessed using light touch from a cotton ball).
359
C7 Nerve Root damage:
paresthesias of the long and ring fingers. also, weakness of the triceps and wrist flexors and a diminished triceps reflex
360
Checking BP: only let the cuff deflate _____mmhg/second.
3-Feb
361
attention:
can be assessed by asking a patient to count from 1-25 by 3's. The task should be relatively easy for most individuals, however, It requires the person to exert a sustained, consistent effort.
362
constructional ability:
can be assessed by asking a person to copy figures consisting of various sizes and shapes.
363
orientation:
identify time, person, place.
364
abstract ability:
can be assessed by asking a person to interpret a common proverb or to describe similarities/differences between two objects.
365
scaphoid fracture:
will feel bony tenderness localized in the anatomical snuffbox.
366
cardiac output:
volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and is equal to the product of HR and stroke volume
367
.Hickman catheter:
(indwelling right atrial catheter) inserts into the R atrium of the heart. The catheter permits removal of blood samples, administration of medications and monitoring of central venous pressure.
368
potential complications of Hickman Catheter:
sepsis and blood clots
369
alginate dressing:
good wound dressing for significant exudate/drainage.
370
maceration:
softening of connective tissue fibers due to excessive moisture. The result is a loss of pigmentation and a wound that is highly susceptible to breakdown or enlargement.
371
granulation:
refers to perfused, fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in a healing wound. the tissue is highly vascular and fills the defects of full-thickness wounds
372
epithelialization:
refers to the process of epidermal resurfacing and appears as pink or red skin.
373
cerebellar dysfunction would typically be associated with _________, not ________.
hypotonia, hypertonia
374
After ACL surgery, Wb on a flexed knee can result in excessive irritation of the ________ _________.
patellofemoral joint
375
Vertebrae and finding points.
L4-L5: same level as top of iliac crest
376
Parkinsons disease:
is a degenerative disorder characterized by a decrease in production of dopamine (neurotransmitter) within the corpus striatum portion of the basal ganglia. Clinical presentation may include hypokinesia, difficulty initiating and stopping movement, festinating and shuffling gait, bradykinesia, poor posture and "cogwheel" or "lead pipe" rigidity.
377
Cogwheel rigidity:
jerky, rachet like resistance to passive movement as muscles sequentially tense and relax.
378
Lead pipe rigidity:
a state of stiffness and inflexibility that remains uniform throughout the range of passive movement, associated with diseases of the basal ganglia.
379
hypokinesia:
abnormally decreased muscular movements
380
ballistic movements:
large amplitude involuntary movements affecting the proximal limb musculature, manifested in jerking, flinging movements of the extremity. Ballismus usually results from a lesion in the subthalamic nucleus. often only one side of the bodys involved resulting in hemiballismus.
381
a patient with bilateral LE amputations requires ________________ to accommodate for the change in the COG. Also, anti tippers.
offset rear wheels
382
offset rear wheels:
adaptation that moves the axis posterior to the center support and provides greater stability during propulsion over varying surfaces.
383
friction surface handrims:
are used when patients don't have a functional grip or strength to adequately propel a wheelchair. pts with C6-C7 tetraplegia commonly rely on this feature.
384
sip and puff controls:
are used only on power wheelchairs. these types of controls are often used on patients with C4 tetraplegia. Innervation of the C4 level includes diaphragm, traps, face and neck muscles.
385
C6-C7 tetraplegia:
manual wheelchair with friction surface handrims.
386
C8 and below:
standard handrims
387
C5 tetraplegia:
manual wheelchair with handrim projections to assist with propulsion. Typically angled at 30 degrees.
388
Adhesive Capsulitis:
frozen shoulder. patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased incidence of getting it and often experience longer duration of symptoms and greater limitation of motion.
389
hemophilia:
is a bleeding disorder of genetic etiology. It's a sex-linked autosomal recessive trait.
390
osteomalacia:
refers to softening of the bone without loss of bone matrix. There is insufficient mineralization of the bone matrix normally caused by insufficient calcium absorption and increased renal phosphorous loss.
391
hip flexion contracture:
(in prosthetic ambulation)-would cause decreased hip extension during late stance on the prosthetic side allowing for a shorter step on the uninvolved side and a longer step with the prosthetic side.
392
weak residual limb:
would typically result in a shorter step on the prosthetic side or the use of compensatory techniques (vaulting or circumduction) to advance the leg.
393
hydrostatic weighing:
calculates the density of the body by immersing a person in water and measuring the amount of water that becomes displaced. Considered "gold standard" for body composition.
394
skinfold measurements:
can be used to determine the overall percentage of body fat through the measurement of nine standardized sites.
395
post-polio syndrome:
term used to describe symptoms that occur years after the onset of poliomyelitis. the condition is characterized by a weakening of the muscles that were originally affected by polio.
396
the Red-Yellow-Black system:
uses a wounds surface color to direct treatment
397
bivalved LE cast:
can be removed by PTA. is just Velcro.
398
Pusher Syndrome:
significant lateral deviation toward the hemiplegic side. more common in patients with a right CVA.
399
parapodium:
is a HKAFO with a thoracolumbar orthosis that supports the trunk and LE's. It has a large BOS and is used with or without an assistive device.
400
wheelchair ramp:
1:12 ratio, 1 inch rise. 12 inch run. 8.3%
401
thresholds in doors beheveled edges up to _____ are permissible.
one-half inch
402
loftstrand crutches:
requires the highest level of coordination to use.
403
rigid dressing:
allows for earlier ambulation and earlier fitting of prosthesis. Does NOT allow for wound inspection. Helps limit development of post-op edema. It is applied in operating room and remains on 7-14 days until sutures are removed and proper shaping occurs.
404
Q angle:
refers to the angle between the quads and patella tendon. Normal Q angle is 13 degrees (males) and 18 degrees (females). An increased Q angle above 18 degrees may be associated with patellar tracking dysfunction, subluxing patella, increased femoral anteversion or increased lateral tibial torsion.
405
3 bony landmarks used to measure Q angle:
ASIS, midpoint of patella and tibial tubercle.
406
Clonus:
refers to rhythmic oscillation of a body part resulting from a quick stretch. The tests ideally performed by providing a stretch to the PF's with the gastrocnemius in a RELAXED position.
407
Ankylosing Spondylitis:
MOST typical standing posture is FLATTENED LUMBAR CURVE AND EXAGGERATED THORACIC CURVE.
408
Limited DF causes:
patient to compensate with a vault or bounce through mid to late stance. 10 degrees DF is required for late stance-toe off.
409
Weak DF:
will typically create a "steppage gait pattern". the patient will present with foot slap at initial contact and compensate by lifting the knee higher than normal to clear the foot and avoid dragging the toe.
410
acute burn:
produces hypermetabolism that results in increased oxygen consumption, increased minute ventilation and an increased core temperature. Intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular fluids are all diminished. Also, hyponatremia (low sodium), decrease in intravascular fluid and increase in core temp will occur.
411
Autonomic nervous system:
maintains homeostasis.
412
Increased sympathetic activity:
S&S: anxiety, distracted, increased sweating, abnormal circulation, lowered pain threshold and heightened reflex activity. Also, mottled and shiny skin, rapid HR, dilation of the lungs, and increased muscle tension & strength, rapid & shallow breathing.
413
parasympathetic response:
constriction of pupils, decrease HR, stimulate digestion, constrict the lung and stimulate other internal organs.
414
straight cane:
measure from greater trochanter to floor for proper fit. Elbow should be flexed 20-25 degrees.
415
rheumatoid arthritis:
chronic systemic autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology. Characterized by inflammatory changes in joints. Two times more common in women.
416
effusion:
is the process in which individual molecules flow through a hole without collisions between molecules
417
osteoarthritis:
is a chronic disease that is characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage typically in WB joints. Subsequent deformity and thickening of subchondral bone results in impaired function status. Most commonly affected--hands, spine, hips & knees.
418
superficial cutaneous reflexes:
are elicited with a light stroke of the skin.
419
light touch sensation:
is assessed by brushing the skin with a light, feathery object.
420
deep tendon reflexes:
assessed by muscle tapping.
421
corticospinal tract:
largest descending pathway where 80% of the fibers decussate and descend on the opposite side; 20% continue to descend ipsilaterally. This tract carries info from the motor cortex directly to the spinal cord. It's primarily concerned with skilled fine motor control primarily of the distal limbs.
422
vestibulospinal tract:
responsible for gross postural adjustments subsequent to head movements and acceleration.
423
tectospinal tract:
responsible for visual info related to spatial awareness. The tract ends at the C-spine and controls the musculature of the neck as well as head position.
424
Rubrospinal tract:
communicates with the thalamus and cerebellum plays an important role in the coordination of movement.
425
thoracodorsal nerve: (C6, C7, C8)
branch of posterior cord of brachial plexus. Innervates latissimus dorsi causing shoulder extension weakness in injured.
426
malaise:
feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, feeling "out of sorts".
427
hydrostatic pressure:
refers to the pressure exerted by fluid on a body immersed in the fluid. It increases as the depth of immersion increases.
428
When positioned _______, the feet would experience the greatest amount of hydrostatic pressure because they are the deepest immersed body part.
vertically
429
progressive relaxation:
can be incorporated using gentle rocking or segmental trunk rotation.
430
respiratory alkalosis:
a condition marked by low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood due to breathing excessively. Any lung disease causing SOB can cause this.
431
PaCO2:
partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
432
elevated arterial blood pH and low PaCO2 are consistent with _____ ______>
respiratory alkalosis. Can be caused by alveolar hyperventilation due to dizziness or syncope (fainting).
433
rhomboids nerve:
is C4, C5. dorsal scapular.
434
diaphragm nerve:
C3-C5. phrenic nerve
435
alkalosis:
condition where body fluids have excess base (alkali)
436
acidosis:
body fluids have excess acid
437
alkalosis & acidosis are ________.
opposites
438
respiratory acidosis:
is a condition that occurs when the lungs cannot remove all of the CO2 the body produces. Causing body fluids, especially blood, to become too acidic. Can be caused by alveolar hypoventilation due to anxiety, confusion and coma.
439
Low arterial blood pHand elevated PaCO2 are consist with ____ _____.
respiratory acidosis
440
metabolic alkalosis:
a pH imbalance in which the body has accumulated too much of an alkaline substance, such as bicarbonate and doesn't have enough acid to effectively neutralize the effects of alkali.
441
metabolic alkalosis causes:
bicarbonate indigestion, vomiting, diuretics, steroids and adrenal disease. elevated arterial blood pH and elevated PaCO2 are consistent with this.
442
metabolic acidosis causes:
metabolic diseases or disturbances such as diabetes, lactic acid, uremic acidosis and chronic diarrhea. Consistent with low arterial blood pH and low PaCO2.
443
a patient with a lesion above ______ wouldn't be a functional ambulation due to extreme energy demands and therefore would need a wheelchair.
T12
444
prosthetic training:
1-2 weeks inpatient. includes donning/doffing, management, transfers, ambulation and stair training.
445
hypovolemia:
decreased blood volume.
446
to facilitate palpation of the rotator cuff is passive _______ to the humerus. ______ would obscure it.
extension. abduction.
447
proximal row of carpal bones:
(lateral to medial)
448
distal row of carpal bones:
(lateral to medial)
449
maintained pressure:
effective technique that can be used to increase ROM by facilitating local muscle relaxation, however, it's a passive technique.
450
derotation braces:
most effective in patients with ligamentous instability. Usually involving PCL and ACL.
451
duty cycle:
is defined as the ratio of the on time to the TOTAL time (not just 'off' time).
452
graphesthesia:
refers to the ability of a patient to verbally identify letters or numbers traced on the palm of the hand typically with a fingertip or the eraser of a pencil.
453
infants pulse is typically felt:
brachial artery or femoral artery.
454
dermatomes:
L5: medial portion of the dorsum of the foot
455
lumbricals:
act to FLEX the metatarsophalangeal joints and assist in extending the interphalangeal joints of the second-fifth digits. Innervated by the tibial nerve.
456
dependent squat transfer:
is used when a patient can bear some weight through the LE's, however, cannot transfer independently.
457
electrodes:
cathode-negative
458
Rinne Test:
is designed to compare bone conduction hearing with air conduction hearing. A vibrating tuning fork is placed on the mastoid process and then placed next to the ear. Air conducts should be approx. 2x as long as bone conducted sound.
459
Weber Test:
hearing test that requires placing a tuning fork on the midline of the skull of patients forehead.
460
CHF:
patients tend to have excessive fluid retention in the pulmonary and systemic circulation. As a result, a diet high in potassium is prescribed, while items high in sodium are restricted.
461
LDL: ____ cholesterol
bad
462
CT scan:
the relative color of each item using CT is dependent on the relative density. The GREATER the density, the LESS penetration of xrays and the WHITER the image will appear. Specific structures listed in descending degree of density are metal, bone, soft tissue, water, fat and air.
463
GH Joint ligaments/capsules and end feels:
anterior joint capsule: firm end feel caused by ER of GH joint
464
GH Movement of humeral head:
flex: posteriorly & inferiorly
465
the primary determinant of WB status following a fracture is based on the relative stability of the fracture. Seen via ______.
x-ray
466
perseveration:
is the continued repetition of a word, phrase or movement.
467
distraction:
is a general term that refers to something that diverts attention.
468
extinction:
refers to removing selected variables that reinforce a specific behavior can also refer to lack of any consequence.
469
classical conditioning:
is a process where learning occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly preceded by a neutral stimulus. The neutral stimulus serves as a conditioned stimulus and the learned reaction that results is the conditioned response.
470
operant conditioning:
is learning that takes place when learner recognizes the connection between the behavior (completing an exercise progression) and it's consequences (lengthy rest period).
471
acute pulmonary edema contraindication:
DON'T use intermittent compression (controls edema). since the shift of fluid from the peripheral to central circulation can increase stress on the heart.
472
condom catheter:
an external catheter is applied over the shaft of the penis and is held in place by a padded strap or adhesive tape. (not for females, obviously).
473
suprapubic catheter:
is an indwelling urinary catheter that is surgically inserted directly into the patients bladder. insertion performed under general anesthesia.
474
wheelchair measurements:
seat width: measuring widest aspect of users butt, thighs, or hips and ADDING two inches.
475
serous exudate:
clear or light color fluid with a thin, watery consistency. Normal.
476
serosanguinous exudate:
(pink) can be normal in a healing wound.
477
sanguinous exudate:
(red) can be indicative of either new blood vessel growth (normal) or disruption of blood vessels (abnormal).
478
purulent exudate:
(yellow) means infection
479
wrist and finger muscles:
flexor carpi radialis tendon: flex & abducts wrist
480
anterior talofibular ligament:
thickening of the anterior joint capsule that extends from the anterior surface of the lateral malleolus to the lateral facet of the talus and the lateral surface of the talar neck. Functions to RESIST ankle inversion with the foot in PF. Most likely ligament torn with an ankle inversion sprain
481
calcaneofibular ligament:
is a round cord that passes posteroinferiorly from the tip of the lateral malleolus to the lateral surface of the calcaneus. The ligament functions to resist ankle inversion and DF
482
anterior tibiofibular ligament:
provides support to the distal tibiofibular joint. The ligament resists distal and posterior glide of the fibula.
483
deltoid ligament:
refers to the collective medial ligaments of the ankle. the ligament as a whole attaches proximally to the medial aspect of the medial malleolus and fans out to the various distal attachments.
484
anticoagulant drugs:
are often prescribed post-op for patients at risk for acquiring DVT.
485
hematocrit:
is used in the ID of abnormal states of dehydration, polycythemia, and anemia. A low hematocrit may result in feeling weakness, chills or dyspnea. A high hematocrit may result in increased risk of thrombus.
486
hemoglobin:
is used to asses blood loss, anemia and bone marrow suppression. Low hemoglobin may indicate anemia or recent hemorrhage, while elevated hemoglobin suggests hemoconcentration caused by polycythemia or dehydration.
487
prothrombin time:
is often used as a screening procedure to examine extrinsic coagulation factors (V, VIII, X, prothrombin, fibrinogen) and to determine the effectiveness of oral anticoagulant therapy. An abnormal prothrombin time is most often caused by liver disease, injury or by treatment with blood thinners. Abnormal values can place patients at risk for side effects ranging from high likelihood of bleeding to a high likelihood of developing a clot.
488
WBC Count:
is commonly used to identify the presence of infection, allergens, bone marrow integrity or the degree of immunosuppression. An increase in WBC count can occur after hemorrhage, surgery, coronary occlusion or malignant growth.
489
lung volumes:
tidal volume: 4,000-6,000 mL 10% total lung capacity.
490
cerebral palsy:
is a neuromuscular disorder of posture and controlled movement, however, the clinical presentation is highly variable based on the area and extent of CNS damage. It is not uncommon to see bilateral differences in reflexes, however, it is unlikely that a reflex would be absent in an UMN disorder like cerebral palsy.
491
multiple sclerosis:
is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the CNS characterized by demyelination of the myelin sheaths that surround nerves within the brain and spinal cord. symptoms can include visual problems, paresthesias and sensory changes, clumsiness, weakness, ataxia, balance and dysfunction, and fatigue. Deep tendon reflexes would not typically be absent with MS since it's an UMN disorder.
492
peripheral neuropathy:
is a broad term that describes a lesion to a peripheral nerve. Patients with peripheral neuropathy may exhibit motor, sensory and autonomic changes including extreme sensitivity to touch, loss of sensation, muscle weakness and loss of vasomotor tone. Deep tendon reflexes may be asymmetrical based on location of the involved peripheral nerve and usually present as diminished or absent.
493
intermittent claudication:
occurs as a result of insufficient blood supply and ischemia in active muscles. The condition occurs with activity, subsides during periods of rest, and often limits the duration off exercise activities. Symptoms may include pain and cramping in muscles distal to the occluded vessel. Deep tendon reflexes would not typically be affected.
494
nurse:
works to promote health, prevent disease, and help patients cope with illness. Patient care activities are extremely diverse including tasks such as assisting physicians during treatments and examinations, administering medications, recording symptoms and reactions, and instructing patients with families.
495
physical therapist:
provide services to help restore function, improve mobility, relieve pain, and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities of patients suffering from injuries or disease.
496
occupational therapist:
help people improve their ability to perform activities of daily living, work, and leisure skills. OT most commonly work with individuals who have conditions that are mentally, physically, developmentally or emotionally disabling.
497
case managers:
plan and coordinate health care services appropriate to achieve established rehab goals. Work activities include coordinating a medical care plan with health care providers and the patient
498
venous statis ulcer:
occur secondary to inadequate functioning of the venous system resulting in inadequate circulation and eventual tissue damage and ulceration. Intermittent compression improves venous circulation and facilitates the healing of previously formed ulcers.
499
lymphedema:
refers to an abnormal accumulation of tissue fluid in the interstitial spaces. Stagnation of the tissue fluid promotes the inflammatory response and increases the probability of infection. Common tx: intermittent compression.
500
TENS units:
specific pulse rates and widths are selected by the therapist based on the TENS technique selected. Ex: conventional, acupuncture-like, brief-intense, and noxious-TENS. Pulse rate and width should not be altered by the patient throughout the duration of tx, unless specified by the therapist.
