Part 2 Flashcards
gait deviations of amputee: vaulting
causes: prosthesis may be too long, inadequate socket suspension, excessive alignment stability, foot in excess PF, residual limb discomfort, improper training, short residual limb
gait deviations of amputee: rotation of forefoot at heel strike
causes: excessive toe-out built in, loose fitting socket, inadequate suspension, rigid SACH heel cushion, poor muscle control, weak medial rotators, short residual limb
gait deviations of amputee: forward trunk flexion
causes: socket too big, poor suspension, knee instability, hip flexion contracture, weak hip extensors
gait deviations of amputee: medial or lateral whip
causes: excessive rotation of the knee, tight socket fit, valgus in prosthetic knee, improper alignment of toe break, improper training, weak hip rotators, knee instability
CNS
Brain & Spinal Cord
PNS (Peripheral)
cranial nerves and their ganglia, spinal nerves and their glania and plexuses, efferent and afferent somatic nerves outside the CNS, ANS (autonomic nervous system) including sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (activated during time of rest)
Brain (encephalon)
Parts include brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres, fissures, sulci, meninges, ventricular system and dural spaces
brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
diencephalon
hypothalamus, infundibulum, optic chiasm
cerebral hemispheres
cortex, white matter, basal nuclei. 2 hemispheres: deep white matter, basal ganglia, and lateral ventricles
fissures
interhemispheric fissure: separates the two cerebral hemispheres. Sylvian or lateral fissure: (anterior portion) separates the temporal from frontal lobes; (posterior portion): separates temporal from parietal lobes
sulci
central sulcus: separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally. parietal-occipital sulcus: separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially. calcarine sulcus: separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves
meninges
term to describe the three layers of connective tissue covering brain and spinal cord
meninges: dura mater
outermost meninge, has 4 folds, lines periosteum of skull.
meninges: arachnoid
middle meninge, surrounds brain in a loose manner
meninges: pia mater
innermost meninge, covers contours of brain, forms choroid plexus in the ventricular system
ventricular system
designed to protect and nourish brain. comprised for 4 ventricles and multiple foramen that allow passages of CSF. CSF acts as a cushion around brain and spinal cord, and is produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle.
dural spaces: epidural space
space occupied between the skull and outer dura mater
dural spaces: subdural space
space occupied btwn the dura and arachnoid meninges
dural spaces: subarachnoid space
space occupied btwn the arachnoid and pia mater that contains CSF and the circulatory system for the cortex
corticospinal tract (anterior)
pyramidal motor tract responsible for ipsilateral voluntary mvmt
corticospinal tract (lateral)
pyramidal motor tract responsible or contralateral voluntary fine mvmt
fasciculus gracilis
sensory tract for trunk and LE proprioception, 2 pt discrimination, vibration and graphesthesia
fasciculus cuneatus
sensory tract for trunk, neck and UE proprioception, vibration, 2 pt discrimination, graphesthesia
