Part 2

Question 1

gait deviations of amputee: vaulting

Answer 1

causes: prosthesis may be too long, inadequate socket suspension, excessive alignment stability, foot in excess PF, residual limb discomfort, improper training, short residual limb

Question 2

gait deviations of amputee: rotation of forefoot at heel strike

Answer 2

causes: excessive toe-out built in, loose fitting socket, inadequate suspension, rigid SACH heel cushion, poor muscle control, weak medial rotators, short residual limb

Question 3

gait deviations of amputee: forward trunk flexion

Answer 3

causes: socket too big, poor suspension, knee instability, hip flexion contracture, weak hip extensors

Question 4

gait deviations of amputee: medial or lateral whip

Answer 4

causes: excessive rotation of the knee, tight socket fit, valgus in prosthetic knee, improper alignment of toe break, improper training, weak hip rotators, knee instability

Question 5

CNS

Answer 5

Brain & Spinal Cord

Question 6

PNS (Peripheral)

Answer 6

cranial nerves and their ganglia, spinal nerves and their glania and plexuses, efferent and afferent somatic nerves outside the CNS, ANS (autonomic nervous system) including sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (activated during time of rest)
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Question 7

Brain (encephalon)

Answer 7

Parts include brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres, fissures, sulci, meninges, ventricular system and dural spaces

Question 8

brainstem

Answer 8

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 9

diencephalon

Answer 9

hypothalamus, infundibulum, optic chiasm

Question 10

cerebral hemispheres

Answer 10

cortex, white matter, basal nuclei. 2 hemispheres: deep white matter, basal ganglia, and lateral ventricles

Question 11

fissures

Answer 11

interhemispheric fissure: separates the two cerebral hemispheres. Sylvian or lateral fissure: (anterior portion) separates the temporal from frontal lobes; (posterior portion): separates temporal from parietal lobes

Question 12

sulci

Answer 12

central sulcus: separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally. parietal-occipital sulcus: separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially. calcarine sulcus: separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves

Question 13

meninges

Answer 13

term to describe the three layers of connective tissue covering brain and spinal cord

Question 14

meninges: dura mater

Answer 14

outermost meninge, has 4 folds, lines periosteum of skull.

Question 15

meninges: arachnoid

Answer 15

middle meninge, surrounds brain in a loose manner

Question 16

meninges: pia mater

Answer 16

innermost meninge, covers contours of brain, forms choroid plexus in the ventricular system

Question 17

ventricular system

Answer 17

designed to protect and nourish brain. comprised for 4 ventricles and multiple foramen that allow passages of CSF. CSF acts as a cushion around brain and spinal cord, and is produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle.

Question 18

dural spaces: epidural space

Answer 18

space occupied between the skull and outer dura mater

Question 19

dural spaces: subdural space

Answer 19

space occupied btwn the dura and arachnoid meninges

Question 20

dural spaces: subarachnoid space

Answer 20

space occupied btwn the arachnoid and pia mater that contains CSF and the circulatory system for the cortex

Question 21

corticospinal tract (anterior)

Answer 21

pyramidal motor tract responsible for ipsilateral voluntary mvmt

Question 22

corticospinal tract (lateral)

Answer 22

pyramidal motor tract responsible or contralateral voluntary fine mvmt

Question 23

fasciculus gracilis

Answer 23

sensory tract for trunk and LE proprioception, 2 pt discrimination, vibration and graphesthesia

Question 24

fasciculus cuneatus

Answer 24

sensory tract for trunk, neck and UE proprioception, vibration, 2 pt discrimination, graphesthesia

Question 25

rubrospinal tract

Answer 25

extrapyramidal motor tract for motor input of gross postural tone

Question 26

spinocerebellar tract (dorsal)

Answer 26

sensory tract for ipsilateral and contralateral subconscious proprioception

Question 27

spinocerebellar tract (ventral)

Answer 27

sensory tract for ipsilateral subconscious proprioception

Question 28

spinothalamic tract (lateral)

Answer 28

sensory tract for pain, light touch, and temperature

Question 29

tectospinal tract

Answer 29

extrapyramidal motor tract for contralateral posture muscle tone associated with auditory/visual stimuli

Question 30

vestibulospinal tract

Answer 30

extrapyramidal motor tract for ipsilateral gross postural adjustments subsequent to head movements