Pathologies

Question 1

Fracture Healing step 1

Answer 1

step 1 - vessels torn & haematoma formationaround fracture, broken end of bone become necrotic & dies

Question 2

Fracture healing step 2

Answer 2

step 2- inflammation (after 8 hrs) haematoma is invaded by macrophages & osteoclasts

Question 3

Fracture healing step 3

Answer 3

step 3 - Callus formation (2-6 weeks) fracture unites

Question 4

Fracture healing step 4

Answer 4

step 4 - Consolidation (6-12 weeks) ossification occurs, bone regains mechanical strength

Question 5

Fracture healing step 5

Answer 5

step 5 - Remodeling, the weld is reshaped by continuous process of alternating bone reabsorption/formation

Question 6

Osteoarthritis step 1

Answer 6

step 1 - hyaline - water content in cartilage increases, prosteoglycans increase
- enzymes exacerbate the breakdown, so further water is attracted into the cartilage
-these broken fragments lead to mechanical problems (locking of joint, irritation & inflammation)

Question 7

OA step 2

Answer 7

step 2 - there is now less cartilage & less bone protection
passage of synovial fluids causes subchondral cysts
osteophytes form
the articular surfaces are now irregular as they changed shape

Question 8

OA step 3

Answer 8

step 3 - synovial membrane becomes irritated, oedema, inflammation and synovitis
Decreased secretions and therefore less lubrication and reduced nutrition

Question 9

OA step 4

Answer 9

step 4 - soft tissue - low grade inflammation
loss of joint space as articular surfaces change shape
functional limitation and pain can lead to atrophy

Question 10

soft tissue healing step 1

Answer 10

vascular stage - vasoconstriction to the non working muscles and vasodilation to the affected area
primary hemostasis
prompts clot formation

Question 11

soft tissue healing step 2

Answer 11

step 2 - inflammatory stage, vessels become more permeable, loss of protein rich fluid (exudate) histamines and kinins control this stage by increasing blood flow

Question 12

soft tissue healing step 3

Answer 12

step 3 - proliferation - formation of new tissue, macrophages help with the production of collagen through fibroblasts
angionesis ( formation of new blood vessels)
collagen deposited randomly

Question 13

soft tissue healing step 4

Answer 13

Remodeling - maturation of new tissue
tissue loading leads to fiber alignment
the collagen increases strength of scar