Pathological conditions: bladder/urinary/reproductive systems

Question 1

Congenital Urethral Stenosis

Answer 1

• narrowing of the urethra (more common in men)
• can be present at birth, but rare.
• symptoms range from none, to complete urinary retention
• surgical procedures best and most common treatment
• Risk factors: trauma, infection, tumours, urethral instrumentation (catheter), surgeries, prostate cancer treatment, brachytherapy

Question 2

Hypospadias

Answer 2

• Opening of urethra is not located at the tip of the penis

- Present at birth, rectified with an operation

Question 3

Epispadias

Answer 3

• Rare birth defect
• Urethra does not develop into a full tube
• Urine exits body at a different location
• Surgical repair recommended if not very mild case

Question 4

Traumatic rupture of the urethra, causes and effects?

Answer 4

• Urethra is hurt by force
• Sharp blow to the perineum
• Symptoms: swelling, inflammation, infection, pain, cannot pass urine, blood in urine
• Minor cases treated with a catheter to stop urine touching urethra to allow it to heal
• Worse cases require an operation

Question 5

Urethritis: causes? Effects?

Answer 5

• Inflammation of the urethra
• Usually caused by an infection
• antibiotics will treat.

Question 6

Ureteral or urethral calculus

Answer 6

• Stones in the ureter
• Cause abdominal pain, haematuria, vomiting
• Usually calcium stones
• Pass themselves, given painkillers

Question 7

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (Hypertrophy) (BPH)

Answer 7

• Enlargement of the prostate

- Pushed against urethra and bladder, blocking the flow or urine

Question 8

Orchidectomy

Answer 8

• The removal of a testicle

- Could be to prevent the production of testosterone if did not want to have injections

Question 9

Vasectomy

Answer 9

• Cut to the vas deferens

Question 10

Maldescent of testis

Answer 10

• Testicles are not in the place they are supposed to be

- Can be rectified with a surgical incision

Question 11

Torsion of testis

Answer 11

• When a testicle rotates
• Requires emergency surgery
• If quick testicle can be saved

Question 12

Hydrocele

Answer 12

• ## type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle

Question 13

Varicocele

Answer 13

• is an enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that holds your testicles

Question 14

Seminoma testis

Answer 14

• slow-growing form of testicular cancer found in men in their 40s and 50s.
• can spread to the lymph nodes

Question 15

Malgnant Teratoma testis

Answer 15

• The vast majority of adult testicular teratomas are malignant germ cell tumours

Question 16

Balanitis

Answer 16

• Balanitis is when the head of the penis is swollen and sore.
  With balanitis, the head of your penis is usually:

red, swollen, itchy and sore
Other symptoms can include:

pain when peeing
a thick discharge that comes from under your foreskin
bleeding around your foreskin
an unpleasant smell
difficulty pulling back your foreskin – though in young children it’s normal to have a tight foreskin
- Treatment = steroid cream, antifungal cream or antibiotics

Question 17

Phimosis

Answer 17

• Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the head of the penis (glans)
• Phimosis is normal in babies and toddlers, but in older children it may be the result of a skin condition that has caused scarring
• Can use steroid cream, or have surgery

Question 18

Circumcision

Answer 18

-Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin

Question 19

Priapism

Answer 19

• Priapism is a long-lasting painful erection.
• It can cause permanent damage to your penis if not treated quickly.
• Treated with tablets or injection, using a needle to drain blood, surgery
• Caused by blood thinners, recreational drugs, blood disorders, antidepressants

Question 20

Cystitis

Answer 20

• Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection. It’s a common type of urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Antibiotics
• Water
• No sex

Question 21

Diverticula

Answer 21

-Diverticula are small bulges or pockets that can develop in the lining of the intestine as you get older.

Question 22

Urethritis

Answer 22

• Inflammation of urethra
• discharge, burning, irritation
• antibiotics
• often caused by STIs

Question 23

• Hydroureter

Answer 23

Hydroureter refers to dilation of the ureter(s) and is most often caused by obstruction of urine outflow due to blockage of the ureter(s) by calculi, chronic inflammation

Question 24

Hydronephrosis

Answer 24

• Hydronephrosis is a condition where one or both kidneys become stretched and swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them.
• Increased chances of UTIS