PathoII- Exam 2

Question 1

1. Controls the endocrine system
2. Endocrine dysfunction can result from
3. Posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 1

1. Hypothalamus
2. hypo/hypersecretion, abnormal receptors, inflammation
3. ADH, Oxytocin

Question 2

1. What happens when ADH is secreted?
2. What happens to serum osmolality?
3. What stimulates ADH

Answer 2

1. Retain water
2. increaes, dilute urine excess.
3. Hypovolemia, Hypotension

Question 3

1. What does vasopressin do?
2. What diseas process indicative of deficient ADH

Answer 3

1. Increases blood pressure, constricts vessels, ADH. Targets Arterioles
2. Diabetes Insipidous

Question 4

1. What happens to osmolality with Diabetes insipidous?
2. What happens to sodium?
3. What happens to potassium?

Answer 4

1. Increased
2. increased
3. Decreased

Question 5

1. What can happen in Diabetes Insipidus?
2. Treatment?
3. What happens in syndrome of inappropriate ADH?

Answer 5

1. Circulatory collapse, loss of consciousness, CNS damage.
2. Vasopressin
3. ADH released despit low osmolarity

Question 6

1. Causes of SIADH?
2. How might it manifest?
3. What can hyponatremia lead to?

Answer 6

1. malignant, head injury, CVA, drugs
2. high specific gravity, fluid retention, hypoosmolality, hyponatremia
3. muscle cramps, weakness, seizures, cerebral edema, coma,

Question 7

1. What is intravascular volume and kidney function like in SIADH?
2. Treatment

Answer 7

1. Normal
2. Restrict fluids, diuretics, IV hypertonic saline, High sodium and Potassium

Question 8

1. What is the function of oxytocin?
2. What does oxytocin ultimately target?

Answer 8

1. Stimulate uterine contractions during labor, milk, Prevents uterine bleeding.
2. Smooth muscle, mammargy glands

Question 9

1. What hormens does the anterior pituitary gland target? x5
2. What does ACTH/Corticotropin target?
3. What does the adrenal cortex target?

Answer 9

1. Corticotropin (ACTH), Thryotropin, FSH, LH
2. Adrenal Cortex
3. Tissues

Question 10

1. What happens if you have too many steroids?
2. What do corticoids do to calcium?
3. What does the adrenal cortex do to Blood Sugar?

Answer 10

1. Cushings Syndrome
2. Decrease
3. Increase

Question 11

1. This is the outer layer of the adrenal gland
2. What causes the release of ACTH?
3. Overproduction of corticotropin lead to

Answer 11

1. Adrenal Cortex
2. Stress, immune, breakdown of protein and free fatty acids.
3. Hyperplasia

Question 12

1. S/Sx of Cushing syndrome
2. Treatment for Cushings
3. Etiology

Answer 12

1. moon face, weight gain, fatigue, buffalo hum, thin skin, thin hair, truncal obesity, bruising.
2. Radiation, removal of pit gland, bilaterla adrenalectomy
3. longterm steroid use, pit tumor, adrenal tumor, carcnioma of the lung

Question 13

1. This is when you do not have enough steroids?
2. What are the causes of Addisons?
3. What are examples of primary Addisons?

Answer 13

1. Addison’s
2. autoimmune process, Long term steroids abruptly stopped
3. TB, removal of adrenal glands, hemorrhage, neoplasms, HIV.

Question 14

1. What happens when you are having an Addisonian Crisis?
2. What organs are affected?
3. S/Sx

Answer 14

1. Hypotension, Vascular/Circulatory collapse. URGENT
2. Liver, stomach, kidneys, small heart, adrenal calcification
3. Confusion, fatigue, weight loss, dehydration, hypotension

Question 15

1. Addisonian Crisi what happens to sodium, sugar?
2. What happens to H/H?
3. What happens to pigment?

Answer 15

1. Decrease
2. Elevated
3. Elevated

Question 16

1. What organ is aldosterone affiliated?
2. What does aldosterone regulate

Answer 16

1. Kidneys
2. absroption of sodium, excretion of potassium

Question 17

1. What does thyrotropin target?
2. What does the thyroid gland produce?
3. What do t3 and t4 ultimately target?

Answer 17

1. The Thyroid Gland
2. Thyroxine (T4), Tridiothryxine (T3), Calcitonin
3. Muscles, Liver

Question 18

1. When you think of the thyroid gland, what word comes to mind?
2. What does T3 and T4 Contain?
3. What does Calcitonin do?

Answer 18

1. ENERGY, growth, development
2. Iodine
3. Lowers calcium, puts it into bone

Question 19

1. What are lab results for hypothyroidism?
2. What disease process can occur due to hyopthyroid?
3. Manifestation of Myxedema?

Answer 19

1. Low t3, t4, HIGH TSH
2. Myxedema, Hashimoto Disease
3. Puffy skin, coarse hair, edema around eyes, prominent tongue, mask

Question 20

1. What can trigger Myxedema Coma
2. Characteristics of Myxedema?
3. Treatment?

Answer 20

1. Cold, trauma, infection, thyroid meds withdrawal, sedatives.
2. hypothermia, hypotension, hypoventilation, loss of consciousness
3. IV thyroid replacement

Question 21

1. Most common cause of hypothyroidism?
2. What does Hashimoto do?
3. Primary hypo

Answer 21

1. autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto). Primary.
2. Destroys tissue by infiltration of lyphocytes
3. thyroidectomy, inflammation from radiation, inflammatory conditions

Question 22

1. Secondary Hypothyroidism
2. Treatment for hypothyroidism
3. Side Effects

Answer 22

1. failure to stimulate normal thyroid function. iodine deficiency.
2. lifelong hormone replacement
3. cardiac, hypterensive patiend increase o2 consumption, ANGINA

Question 23

1. What happens in hyperthyroidism?
2. What could be contributing factors?
3. This is a hyperthyroid disorder that may lead to goiter?

Answer 23

1. systemic adrenergic activity. Overproduction of epinephrine. Severe hypermetabolism. SNS decompensation.
2. hypoglycemia, stroke, PE, preeclampsia, stress, excessive Iodiine.
3. Graves Disease

Question 24

1. S/Sx of Graves
2. Causes of Graves
3. What happens if hyperthyroidism is untreated

Answer 24

1. enlarged thyroid, nervous, heat intolerance, weight loss, sweat, diarrhea, tremors
2. Acute physical/emotional stress, genetic, immunologic
3. Thyrotoxic crisis “storm”

Question 25

1. Causes of Thyrotoxic Storm
2. Manifestations
3. Tx

Answer 25

1. DKA, srugery, infection, toxemia of prego
2. Tachycardia, HF, Hyperthermia, restless, seizure, coma
3. thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine, antithyroid drugs (lead to hypo)

Question 26

1. What is goiter?
2. Endemic goiter
3. Sporadic Goiter

Answer 26

1. enlarged thyroid gland. Not associated with hypo or hyperthyroid
2. lack of iodine in the diet
3. Drugs, food

Question 27

1. Causes of Goiter
2. Antagonist of Calcitonin and stimulates release of Calcium
3. Is parathyroid hormone dependent on pituitary and hypothalamus for release?

Answer 27

1. Thyroid cant secrete hormone to meet metabolic needs, elderly, pregnancy, menopause
2. Parathyroid
3. No

Question 28

1. How is parathyroid regulated
2. What happens if you have too much parathyroid?
3. What does too much pth do to calcium?

Answer 28

1. Simple feedback system.
2. Osteoporosis or pathologic fractures
3. Increase

Question 29

1. How is the Adrenal Medulla Stimulated
2. Adrenal medulla releases..
3. What organs does the adrenal medulla target?

Answer 29

1. Hypothalamus, CNS, directly!’
2. Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, steroids, amine
3. Liver, Muscles, Heart

Question 30

1. Blood Glucose stimulates what?
2. The islet cells stimulates
3. What does the pancreas cells ultimately target?

Answer 30

1. Islet cells of pancreas
2. iinsulin, glucagon, somatostatin
3. Liver ,Muscles.

Question 31

1. What is the Lock and Key effect refering to?
2. What regulates hormone release?

Answer 31

1. hormone will only act on cells that have a receptor specific for that hormone
2. Simple, Complex, Nervous System, Rhythms

Question 32

1. What is the axis of the comlex feedback system?
2. Sodium Levels
3. Potassium

Answer 32

1. Hypothalamus, pit gland and target organ
2. 135-145
3. 3.5 - 5

Question 33

1. Glucose Levels
2. Specific Gravitly
3. Osmolaltiy

Answer 33

1. 70 - 110
2. 1.002 and 1.030, higher = more dehydrated
3. 270 - 300