Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nursing school pt 3 > Patho Exam 3 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) flashcards
1
Q
  1. Function of the Kidney
  2. What is the general renal rule?
  3. What is the function of the glomerulus
A
  1. filter plasma, reabsorb/secrete, forms filtrate of protein free fluid, regulate filtrate to maintaine body fluid volume, excrete waste
  2. Decrease protein.
  3. Filtration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. How is it driven?
  2. What does the proximal tubule do?
  3. What does the proximal tubule secrete?
A
  1. hydrostatic pressure
  2. reabsorption of sodium/glucose, reabsorps 180L/day
  3. H+ and foreign substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. What is the loop of henle?
  2. Descending loop
  3. Ascending loop
A
  1. concentration
  2. water reabsorption, Na+ diffuses in
  3. Na reabsorps, (active transport), water stays in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. Distal tubule
  2. Collecting tubule requires what?
  3. What does it do
A
  1. Selective reabsorption, potassium and hydrogen ions
  2. ADH
  3. H2O
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. Normal pH in urinalysis
  2. What do most bacteria favor?
  3. Protein in the urine represents?
A
  1. 5-8
  2. alkaline
  3. kidney disease, increasus BUN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. Specific gravity
  2. What end is more concentrated
  3. Glucose in the urine represents
A
  1. 1.010-1.025
  2. higher the number
  3. diabetes, stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. What are ketones
  2. What does it represent if in urine
  3. Nitires in the urine represent
A
  1. fats
  2. acute metabolic demand, stress, DKA (atkin’s diets)
  3. bacterial infection (convert nitrates-nitrties)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. WBC in the urine
  2. Should RBC’s be present in urine?
  3. Creatnine clearance (24hr urine collection)..
A
  1. UTI
  2. no
  3. glomerular filtration rate, renal disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. How do you measure kidney function?
  2. Normal creatnine level
  3. What is BUN
A
  1. Creatnine and BUN
  2. 0.6 - 1.2
  3. end product of protein metabolism, index
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. Normal BUN
  2. Types of Upper UT obstruction
A
  1. 7 - 18 mg/dL
  2. Stricture, stone, tumor fibrosis, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, urinary stasis above the level of obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. What is hydroureter
  2. what is hydronephrosis
  3. What can happen if urinary stasis?
A
  1. (thick/fat), allows back flow. Dilation of ureter.
  2. Dilation of renal pelvis
  3. infection, staph, stones, dilation of ducts, atrophy of kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. Within 7 days of obstruction
  2. Within 28 days of obstruction
  3. If kidney does not retain bicarb or excrete hydrogen, what acid-base imbalance?
A
  1. enlargement and fibrosis
  2. glomeruli damaged
  3. metabolic acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. If the kidney does not conserve Na but retains potassium?
  2. What does kidney stone obstruction have to do with?
  3. 3 types of kidney stones
A
  1. hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
  2. Diet, genetics, food intake
  3. Calcium, Struvite (mg,large), Uric Acid (gout)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. Manifestation of kidney stones
  2. Diagnostics
  3. Prevention
A
  1. pain, renal colic, N/V, hematuria (gross or microscopic), flank uoq
  2. xray, ultrasound, IV pilogram (dye will outline stone)
  3. fluid intake, caclium (decrease oxelate (cut back on spinach chard, choco)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. TX Renal
  2. Lower Ut obstruction types
  3. What is a neuorogenic comprised of
A
  1. lithotripsey (shock waves) not invasive, Stent- cath opens tube to pass urine, stone removal
  2. neurogenic, anatomic
  3. dysnergia, hypotonic bladder, detrusor hyperreflexia (empties automatically, overflow)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. What is anatomic obstruction
  2. Manifestation of lower obstruction
  3. What is an adenoma
A
  1. rectocele (prolapse of rectum), cystocele (bladder drops ontio itself and causes blockage)
  2. nocturia, polyuria, urgency/hestiation, incomplete
  3. common tumor, benign tendency to become malignant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  1. Renal Cell carcinoma
  2. Renal Tranistional cell carcinoma?
  3. Demographics
A
  1. most common renal cancer
  2. rare
  3. males, diabetes, obesity, uncontrolled htn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  1. S/Sx of renal tumor
  2. Bladder tumors common or not?
  3. Where are bladder tumors located?
A
  1. Frank blood, bloody urine (slight or microscopic)
  2. most common
  3. epithelium of the bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. Risk factors for bladder tumor
  2. What ia a UTI
  3. What is acute cystitis
A
  1. Male >60, smoking, Aniine dyes (leather couch), secondary of cervix/prostate
  2. inflamed epithelium caused by bacteria
  3. Inflammation of the bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  1. Common bacteria in acute cystitis?
  2. Manifestation of acute cystitis
A
  1. E. Coli
  2. sphincter inflamed, urgency, hematuria, cloudy urine, flank pain, confusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  1. Tx of Acute Cystitis
  2. What is pyelonephritis
A
  1. C/S test, analgesic (pyridium), fluid intake, avoid sugary drinks, Cranberry juice (antimicrobe)
  2. infection of 1 or both upper urinary tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. Where does puelonephritis occur
  2. Is it unilateral or bilateral
A
  1. Upper Tract
  2. could be both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  1. Causes of pyelonephritis?
  2. Patho behind it?
  3. Manifestations
A
  1. stones, vesicoureteral reflux, pregnancy, neurogenic, instrumentation, female sex trauma.
  2. inflamed kidneys, shrinks when it is chronic
  3. fever, chills, groin pain
24
Q
  1. What are risk with chronic pyelonephritis
  2. What is glomerulonephritis
  3. What are primary causes
A
  1. kidney failure, risk of scarring/fibrosis
  2. inflammation of glomerulus
  3. primary injury (ischemia, free radicals, drugs, vascular disorder, infection)
25
Q
  1. Secondary causes of glomerulonephritis
  2. Most common cuase
  3. What happens in glomerlAR nephritis?
A
  1. systemic diseases, diabetes, lupus, CHF, HIV
  2. immunologic , STREP!
  3. Antigen-antibody deposit in glomeruil, infiltrate with WBC
26
Q
  1. Manifestations of Glomerular nephritis
  2. What color is the urine in glomerular nephritis?
  3. What will you see in the urine
A
  1. edema, HTN, accumulates water and retention of sodium,
  2. Coke colored (hematuria)
  3. RBC, protein, casts, elevated BUN/creatnine
27
Q
  1. Manifestation of NephrOtic syndrome
  2. what else do they lose with this syndrome?
  3. What system does this stimulate?
A
  1. lose a lot of protein, MASSIVE edema, FOAMY Urine
  2. Ig, anticoagulants, hyperlipidemia, vitamin D, reduced vascular fluid volume.
  3. Renine, makes it worse b/c no protein to hold it.
28
Q
  1. Causes of nephrOtic syndrome
  2. What membrane can this change
A
  1. hole in kidneys, idiopathic, secondary to lupus, diabetes, infection, glomurlonenephritis!
  2. Basement membrane (filtration)
29
Q
  1. What is Azotemia
  2. What does nephrItic syndrome cause
  3. Acute Kidney injury is renal insufficiency declined by
A
  1. abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds (urea, creatnint)
  2. azotemia, hypertension, oliguria, hematuria
  3. 25% of normal
30
Q
  1. End stage renal failiure is what percent of functioning nephrons
  2. How often is dialysis required
  3. What is the mortality rate
A
  1. less than 10% function
  2. 3x/ wk or transplant
  3. 20-80%, depending onhow soon intervene
31
Q
  1. Prerenal AKI:
  2. Intrarenal AKI
  3. Postrenal AKI
A
  1. hypovolemia, filtration drops, BP drops, REVERSIBLE
  2. nephritis in kidney, septic shock, blood transfusion, nephrotoxic drugs
  3. liver failure, kidney stones, BPH, neurogenic bladder disease
32
Q
  1. AKI Initiation Phase: Oliguric
  2. AKI Maintenance phase: Diuretic
  3. AKI recovery phase:
A
  1. time of injury, perfusion/filtration drop, decreased specific gravity. Hypervolemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia
  2. severe hypovolemia, low urine outpus, BUN/Creat high
  3. clear creatnine, massive diaresis, may take 2 years to heal
33
Q
  1. Causes of chronic kidney failure
  2. Stage I
  3. Stage 2
A
  1. hypertension, diabetes, chornic glomerulonephritis
  2. Normal kidney function > 90mL/min (hypertensionn
  3. Mild reduction in GFR (60-80 mL/min
34
Q
  1. end Stage Kidney diease
  2. What happens to creatnine?
  3. What happens to potassium with AKI
A
  1. GFR <15ml/min
  2. in urine is low, in your body is high
  3. gets excreted in bowels
35
Q
  1. What happens to acid/base in Kidney Failure
  2. What happens with proteinuria
  3. What happens with Calcium/Phosphate?
A
  1. Acidotic, uable to excrete H+ in distal tubule
  2. loss of protein, leads ot increase LDL and insulin resistance
  3. Hypercalcemia, leaves bone to compensate
36
Q
  1. Cardiovascular changes with Kidney failure
  2. Pulmonary changes
  3. Hematologic
A
  1. electrolyte imbalance
  2. fluid overload
  3. dont have ecogin (anemic)
37
Q
  1. Platelets in Kidney Failure
  2. Neurologic changes in KF
  3. GI changes in KF
A
  1. increased bleeding factor
  2. increased risk for CVA, uremic coma
  3. uremic breath
38
Q
  1. Endocrine changes in KF?
  2. Integumentary changes in KF
  3. Most common cause of acute renal failure?
A
  1. decreased sex hormones
  2. uremic frost (like salt), end stage.
  3. Pre renal
39
Q
  1. CKD manifestation / lab resuts
  2. What is horseshoe kidney
  3. What is chordee
A
  1. elevated BUN/Creatnine, Elevated Na & K, Fluid volume excess, dec pH
  2. fusion into 1 kidney (ped anomaly)
  3. shortening of subQ of penis to bend downward
40
Q
  1. What can cordee cause?
  2. What is hypospadias
  3. What is epispadias
A
  1. bladder extrophy, herniation through ab wall
  2. underneath is an urethral opening
  3. on the front is an opening
41
Q
  1. Wha is hypoplastic kidney
  2. what is dysplastic kidney
  3. what is polycystic kidney
A
  1. small kidney, need transplant, decreased nephrons
  2. no renal tissue
  3. autosomal inherited (cysts on kidneys)
42
Q
  1. What is renal agenesis
  2. What can children with strep cause?
  3. What causes hemolytic Uremic Syndrome?
A
  1. one or both kidneys fail to develop
  2. Acute glomelular nephritis
  3. E.Coli
43
Q
  1. What does HUS produce?
  2. what do you need if you have this?
  3. What is the triad anemia?
A
  1. toxins caused by inflammation
  2. dialysis
  3. hemolytic, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure
44
Q
  1. Manifestations of HUS
  2. S/Sx
  3. Hemorrhagic manifestations
A
  1. Proteinuria, hematuria and presence of urinary casts
  2. vomiting, irritability, lethargy, pallor
  3. bruising, petechiae, jaundice, bloody diarrhea, oliguria, anuria, CNS (seizure)
45
Q
  1. What is vesicoureteral Reflux
  2. What is nephroblastoma/Wilms Tumor
  3. Malignant/benign
A
  1. Gradual dilation of the ureter, infected urine reaches the kidneys
  2. embryonal tumor of the kidney- unilateral
  3. malignant
46
Q
  1. When does wilms present
  2. how does it start
  3. what should you not do?
A
  1. before age 5
  2. abdominal swelling
  3. palpate, can spread to other organs
47
Q
  1. What is enuresis?
  2. How much blood do kidneys receive
  3. When PT has hypotension, which enzyme gets released
A
  1. involunatry urination, especially children at night.
  2. 100 -1200 mL per min, 20-25% Cardiac Output
  3. Renin (starts a cascade of events)- juxta cells
48
Q
  1. What is relased in response to elevated blood volume
  2. 3 Types of Nephrons
  3. PT has uncontrolled premature contraction of detrusor muscle
A
  1. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (increase water/Na excretion)
  2. superficial, midcortical, juxtamedullary
  3. Spinal Cord Injury
49
Q
  1. Conditions that can cause obstructed urine flow
  2. wide-set eyes, “parrot beak” nose, low-set ears, and receding chin, what is renal manifestation?
  3. A child whose kidneys are enlarged presents with chills, fever, and abdominal pain.
A
  1. prostate enlargment, pevlic organ prolapse, low bladder wall compliance, detrusor hyperflexia
  2. Potter Syndrome
  3. pyelonephritis
50
Q
  1. Complications of horseshoe kidneys
A
  • hydronephrosis
  • infection
  • stone formation
51
Q
  1. A patient with deficient ADH & dehydrated will have what in urine
  2. what is the fucntional unit of the kidney
  3. Normal Creatnine Clearance
A
  1. low specific gravity
  2. nephrons
  3. 125 mL/min
52
Q
  1. Best estimate of glomerular filtration
  2. AKI causes
  3. Kidney disease risk for
A
  1. Creatnine Clearance
  2. retention of nitorgenous waste, fluid retention, inability to regulate F&E’s
  3. hyperkalemia, dysrhythmias
53
Q
  1. Best way to determine fluid balance
  2. Sign of UTI in older adults
  3. When is circumcision contraindicated
A
  1. daily weight
  2. altered mentation
  3. Epispadias/Hypospadias
54
Q
  1. What do principal cells do
  2. How much volume to kidneys receive
  3. What hormone is release in response to elevated blood volume
A
  1. Reabsorb Na & Water, secrete Potassium
  2. 1000-1200 L /min
  3. ANP
55
Q
  1. Stone formation is composed of
  2. What could cause an obstruction
  3. Kussmal respiration can cause
A
  1. Salt, aggregate, liquid-solid, Tamm Horsefall
  2. prostate enlargement, pelvic organ prolase, low bladder wall compliance, detrusor hyperflexia
  3. pulomnary edema, metabolic acidosis
56
Q
  1. A syndrome related to renal agenesis causes heart defect and parrot beak
  2. Complications of horseshoe kidney
  3. 3 Types of nephrons
A
  1. potter’s syndrome
  2. hydronephrosis, infection, stone formation
  3. superficial, midcortical, justamedullary

Nursing school pt 3 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions