PathoII: Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
- This stores genetic information
- Permanent hereditary chaing in the sequence of DNA.
- Strucutre composed of DNA on a framework of protein
A
- DNA
- Mutation
- Chromosome, (has somatic cells containing 46 chromosomes)
2
Q
- This is a non sex chromosome
- This determines the genes X & Y
- Provides a blueprint for assemby of a specific protein
A
- Autosome
- Sex Chromosome
- Gene
3
Q
- This is a picture of your genotype
- An individual’s genetic constitution
- Physical characteristics of an individual
A
- Karyotype
- Genotype
- Phenotype
4
Q
- Paired Chromosomes
- Alleles that are identical
- Allels that encode different version of a protein
A
- Alleles
- Homozygous
- Heterozygous
5
Q
- What does the cell use ATP for?
- Which type of glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria
- Which type of glycolysis is not produced in mitochondria?
A
- muscle contraction and active transport of molecules across membranes. Stores energy and stranfers it.
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Substrate phosphorylation
6
Q
- What does Aerobic glycolysis do?
- What doe Anearobic glycolysis do
- What does hydrostatic pressure do?
A
- NADH and FADH stranfer to electron transport chaing. Cytcromes accept electrons
- Converts glucose to pyruvic acid then to lactic acid into extracellular fluid.
- pushes fluid into interstital spaces and alveoli. Balanced by osmotic pressure
7
Q
- What is passive movement
- What is diffusion?
- What is filtration
A
- influenced by chemical or electrical gradients, no expenditure of energy
- high conc to low conc, facilitated requires a transport protein
- movement of water and solutes through a mebrane because of greature pushing pressure on one side than the other.
8
Q
- What is osmosis?
- What is oncotic pressure
- What is an electrolyte
A
- moves low to high concentration
- albumin used to pull water into circulatory system
- disassociates into ions when dissolved. Capable of electrical currents and force in fluid balance.
9
Q
- What is DNA
- Purines (singe ring)
- Pyrimidine
A
- Sugar, phsophate and 4 nitrogenous bases
- Adenosine and guanine
- cytosine and thymine
10
Q
- What is a mutation
- What is base pair substituion
- Silent mutations
A
- alteration of genetic material
- one base pair replacement, change in amino acid sequence. no consequence
- a change in the DNA without a change in amino acid
11
Q
- Missense mutations
- Nonsense
- Frameshift
A
- change a single amino acid
- produce one of three stop codons
- insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs.
12
Q
- What is a mutagen
- Gametes
- Somatic
A
- increase frequency of mutations
- Sperm and egg
- Everything that is not a sex cell
13
Q
- Diploid
- Haploid
- Euploid
A
- father/mother donate 1 chromosome pair. Somatic
- Gametes, 1 member of each chromsome pair, formed from diploid
- multiple of the normal # of chormosomes
14
Q
- Polyploid
- Triploidy
- Tetraploidy
incompatible with postnatal survial. Starting at triploid.
A
- when euploid is more than diploid. body tissue, liver, bronchial
- zygote has 3 copies of each chromosomes. (69)
- 4 copies.
15
Q
- What is aneploid
- Nondisjunction
- Mosaics
A
- does not contain a multiple of 23 chromsomes. Less severe than autosomes.
- error in homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
- 2 or more different cell lines, each has diff karyotype.
16
Q
- Trisomy
- Down syndrome
- Turner Syndrome
A
- 3 copies of one chromosomes & aneuploid.
- maternal age, nondisjunctio
- Monosomy X, only females. Gonadal streaks, cancer.