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Nursing school pt 3 > PathoII: Exam 1 > Flashcards

PathoII: Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. This stores genetic information
  2. Permanent hereditary chaing in the sequence of DNA.
  3. Strucutre composed of DNA on a framework of protein
A
  1. DNA
  2. Mutation
  3. Chromosome, (has somatic cells containing 46 chromosomes)
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2
Q
  1. This is a non sex chromosome
  2. This determines the genes X & Y
  3. Provides a blueprint for assemby of a specific protein
A
  1. Autosome
  2. Sex Chromosome
  3. Gene
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3
Q
  1. This is a picture of your genotype
  2. An individual’s genetic constitution
  3. Physical characteristics of an individual
A
  1. Karyotype
  2. Genotype
  3. Phenotype
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4
Q
  1. Paired Chromosomes
  2. Alleles that are identical
  3. Allels that encode different version of a protein
A
  1. Alleles
  2. Homozygous
  3. Heterozygous
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5
Q
  1. What does the cell use ATP for?
  2. Which type of glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria
  3. Which type of glycolysis is not produced in mitochondria?
A
  1. muscle contraction and active transport of molecules across membranes. Stores energy and stranfers it.
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Substrate phosphorylation
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6
Q
  1. What does Aerobic glycolysis do?
  2. What doe Anearobic glycolysis do
  3. What does hydrostatic pressure do?
A
  1. NADH and FADH stranfer to electron transport chaing. Cytcromes accept electrons
  2. Converts glucose to pyruvic acid then to lactic acid into extracellular fluid.
  3. pushes fluid into interstital spaces and alveoli. Balanced by osmotic pressure
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7
Q
  1. What is passive movement
  2. What is diffusion?
  3. What is filtration
A
  1. influenced by chemical or electrical gradients, no expenditure of energy
  2. high conc to low conc, facilitated requires a transport protein
  3. movement of water and solutes through a mebrane because of greature pushing pressure on one side than the other.
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8
Q
  1. What is osmosis?
  2. What is oncotic pressure
  3. What is an electrolyte
A
  1. moves low to high concentration
  2. albumin used to pull water into circulatory system
  3. disassociates into ions when dissolved. Capable of electrical currents and force in fluid balance.
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9
Q
  1. What is DNA
  2. Purines (singe ring)
  3. Pyrimidine
A
  1. Sugar, phsophate and 4 nitrogenous bases
  2. Adenosine and guanine
  3. cytosine and thymine
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10
Q
  1. What is a mutation
  2. What is base pair substituion
  3. Silent mutations
A
  1. alteration of genetic material
  2. one base pair replacement, change in amino acid sequence. no consequence
  3. a change in the DNA without a change in amino acid
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11
Q
  1. Missense mutations
  2. Nonsense
  3. Frameshift
A
  1. change a single amino acid
  2. produce one of three stop codons
  3. insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs.
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12
Q
  1. What is a mutagen
  2. Gametes
  3. Somatic
A
  1. increase frequency of mutations
  2. Sperm and egg
  3. Everything that is not a sex cell
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13
Q
  1. Diploid
  2. Haploid
  3. Euploid
A
  1. father/mother donate 1 chromosome pair. Somatic
  2. Gametes, 1 member of each chromsome pair, formed from diploid
  3. multiple of the normal # of chormosomes
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14
Q
  1. Polyploid
  2. Triploidy
  3. Tetraploidy

incompatible with postnatal survial. Starting at triploid.

A
  1. when euploid is more than diploid. body tissue, liver, bronchial
  2. zygote has 3 copies of each chromosomes. (69)
  3. 4 copies.
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15
Q
  1. What is aneploid
  2. Nondisjunction
  3. Mosaics
A
  1. does not contain a multiple of 23 chromsomes. Less severe than autosomes.
  2. error in homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
  3. 2 or more different cell lines, each has diff karyotype.
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16
Q
  1. Trisomy
  2. Down syndrome
  3. Turner Syndrome
A
  1. 3 copies of one chromosomes & aneuploid.
  2. maternal age, nondisjunctio
  3. Monosomy X, only females. Gonadal streaks, cancer.
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17
Q
  1. Klinefelter Syndrome
A
  1. at least 2 x chromosomes and one Y. Breasts. Nondisjunction X chromsomes from mother.
18
Q
  1. Inversion
  2. Position Effect
  3. Translocation
A
  1. 2 breaks on a chromosome. Reversal
  2. a change in expression caused by position
  3. interchange of genetic material between nonhomologoys chromosomes
19
Q
  1. Fragile Sites
  2. Fragile X
  3. Autosomal Dominant
A
  1. No disease, breaks an gaps.
  2. mental retardation on long arm, 2nd most cause of retardation
  3. 50% chance
20
Q
  1. Characteristics of Autosomal Dominant
  2. Diseases associated with A. Dominant
  3. Autosomal recessive.
A
  1. delayed age of onset, penetrance, variable expressivit.
  2. Huntingtons, Retnioblastoma, neurfibromastoma, hemophilia
  3. cannot detect if they are a carrier until they produce offspring. 25 % chance
21
Q
  1. Autosoma Recessive Diseases
  2. Polygenic Traits
  3. Multifactorial Traits
A
  1. Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell, Consanguinuity
  2. several genes acting together
  3. When environmental factors influence the expression. (height, IQ).
22
Q
  1. X linked
  2. X inactivation
  3. What are Single gene mutations
A
  1. more in males, transmitted thru carrier females, skipped generation (balding). Hemizygous. Recessive more common
  2. one X chromsomes is permanantly inactivated.
  3. Autosomal, easily identifiable
23
Q
  1. What are chromosomal aberrations
A
  1. Loss addition, rearrangement . Down Syndrome. Aneuploidy
24
Q
  1. What is atrophy
  2. What is hypertrophy
A
  1. shrinking in cell size
  2. increase in size of cell and eventually organ.
25
Q
  1. Metaplasia
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Dysplasia
A
  1. Reprogramming stem cells Columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining by stratified squamous cells. Won’t have mucous or cilia. Smoker’s Lung.
  2. increase in the number of cells, uterus/breast
  3. abnormal changes in size and shape. Cervix/Respiratory Tract
26
Q
  1. Hypoxia
  2. Anoxia
  3. Ischemia
A
  1. Common cause of cell injury. Induce inflammation. Bowel disease, cancer, infections. Cause is ischemia
  2. total lack of oxygen. Embolus, infarction
  3. narrowing of vesssels. Will adapt
27
Q
  1. Infarction
  2. Reperfusion
A
  1. cell death, ischemia comes first. Irreversible.
  2. restore oxgenation after a perios od anoxia. Oxidative stress in the bodia. Mitochondria Calcium overload.
28
Q
  1. What is asphxia
  2. Suffocation
  3. Strangulation
A
  1. Failure of cells to receive oxygen
  2. entrapment. Choking. hypoxia
  3. break hyoid bone, pressure on the neck. Closure of vessels
29
Q
  1. Chemical asphyxia
  2. Ligaure
  3. Drowning
A
  1. cyanide carbon monoxide
  2. tying/binding
  3. inhalation of fluid altered oxygen delivery
30
Q
  1. Free radicles
  2. Subarachnoid head injury
  3. Abrasion
A
  1. Cell injury. Unstable oxygen ion. Lost an an electron. Attack mitochondria. Aging. Death
  2. Blood escapes from an injured vessel into the sub space. Intracranial aneurysm
  3. Road rash
31
Q
  1. Hematoma
  2. Contusion
  3. Fracture
A
  1. deeper than a contusion
  2. Brusie
  3. Broken Bone
32
Q
  1. Subdural Layer
  2. Subdural Hematoma
  3. Laceration
A
  1. can be opened by the separation of arachnoid mater from dura mater by trauma
  2. Blows, falls, shaken baby. Medication, aspirin, alcohol.
  3. tear. clean edges.
33
Q
  1. Gunshot wound
  2. Incised wound
  3. Stab Wound
A
  1. Entrance affected by ROF, Exit have same regardless of ROF. Passes thru entire body, not thru skin.
  2. longer than deep, distinc edges. External bleeding
  3. penetrating object with sharp edges. Deeper than long.
34
Q
  1. Puncture Wound
  2. Chopping Wound
  3. Necrosis
A
  1. sharp point without sharp edges. Walking on a nail
  2. heavy, edged instruments. Axe Hatchet
  3. Cell death. Autodigested. Black, odor, lack of sensation.
35
Q
  1. Apoptosis
  2. Coagulative
  3. Caseous
A
  1. normal process. Dropping off
  2. Kidney, Heart, Adrenal Glands. Hypoxia or chem injury. Albumin becomes solid and opaque
  3. TB bacillus. Clumped cheese, soft and granular. Tissue not digested
36
Q
  1. Liquefactive
  2. Gangrenous
  3. Gas Gangrene
A
  1. From ischemia or brain tissues. Bacterial infections too.
  2. Death, hypoxia. Black. Embolism, Strangulated hernia, valvuls intussussception.
  3. Clostridium. Anaerobic bacteria. Death by shock, lyse RBCs.
37
Q
  1. In response to workload. Cardia myocardial cell will
  2. Muscular atrophy
  3. Calcium Infiltration
A
  1. Increase in Size
  2. Decrease in cell size
  3. Chronic TB lung lymph, atherosclerosis. Heart Valve injury. Cell damage. dying dead tissues.
38
Q
  1. Aging
  2. Tissue and systemic aging
  3. Frailty
A
  1. gradual degerative extracellula changes. Genome instability. Decline in renewal by stem cells.
  2. stiffness, sarcopenia, loss of muscle mass.
  3. Negative energy balance, diminshed strength and tolerance for exertion. Oxi stress, dysregulation of inflammotry cytokines and hormones.
39
Q
  1. Somatic Death
  2. Visual sign of strangulation
  3. Cell change due to aging
A
  1. Death of the entire person, drop in body temp, respiraotry circ cessation
  2. fracturees of tracheal and cricoid cartilay, hyoid
  3. slowly and small increments
40
Q
  1. Algor mortis
  2. Livor Mortis
  3. Rigor Mortis
A
  1. Drop in temp
  2. Blodd settles to dependeng regions caused by gravity
  3. muscle stiffening
41
Q

A patient born with the deletion of the short arm of the chromosome 5 is exhibiting a characteristic of

A

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Nursing school pt 3 (13 decks)

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