Pathogens And Immume System Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A protein on a cell which allows it to be recognised

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2
Q

What is an pathogen?

A

A microorganism which causes disease

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3
Q

What is an antibody?

A

• Released by white blood cells
• Recognises foreign cells

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4
Q

How do non-specific defences stop pathogens entering the body? Discuss skin, nose, trachea and bronchi and stomach.

A

Skin: acts as a barrier
Nose: hairs to trap pathogens and dust
Trachea and bronchi: mucus traps and cilia (hairs) sweep out
Stomach: hydrochloric acid kills pathogens

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5
Q

What cells make up the immune system?

A

White blood cells

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6
Q

How do white blood cells help the body fight pathogens?

A

• Release antibodies
• Release antitoxins
• Some are phagocytes (a
type of white blood cell)

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7
Q

How do antibodies help the body fight pathogens?

A

• Recognise antigens of pathogens
• Cause them to clump together and mark them for destruction

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8
Q

How do antitoxins help the body fight pathogens?

A

Neutralise toxins released by bacteria

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9
Q

How do phagocytes help the body fight pathogens?

A

Engulf and digest pathogens

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10
Q

What is in vaccines?

A

Dead or inactive form of pathogens

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11
Q

What does injecting small quantities of dead or inactive pathogens stimulate?

A

White blood cells to release antibodies

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12
Q

What is a memory cell?

A

• A cell which remembers the antibodies you have made before
• If you are infected by the same pathogen, you can fight it off before you get ill

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13
Q

What are drugs?

A

A substance which effects how your cells, tissue, organs or organ systems work

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14
Q

Give an example of drugs that treat symptoms of disease.

A

Painkillers – relieve pain

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15
Q

What type of drug kills bacteria?

A

Antibiotics

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16
Q

Why do antibiotics not work on viruses?

A

• Virus live inside cells
• So antibiotics can’t reach
them

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17
Q

What is the biggest concern with antibiotics?

A

• Resistant bacteria (like MRSA) which are not killed by antibiotics
• This is an example of evolution

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18
Q

What drug originates from foxgloves?

A

Digitalis

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19
Q

What drug originates from willow?

A

Aspirin

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20
Q

What was the first antibiotic, what organism did it come from and who discovered it?

A

• Penicillin
• From mould
• By Alexander Flemming

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21
Q

Why do we perform drug trials before doctors are allowed to prescribe them?

A

To check for safety, efficacy and dosage

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22
Q

What is the difference between clinical and pre-clinical testing?

A

Clinical is on patients Preclinical cells and animals

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23
Q

Define the words safety, efficacy and dose.

A

• Safety: is it toxic?
• Efficacy: does it work?
• Dosage: how much and
how often?

24
Q

What are the 3 stages of clinical testing?

A
  1. Healthy volunteers low dose (safety)
  2. Healthy volunteers different doses (dosage)
  3. Patients (efficacy)
25
What is a placebo?
• A fake drug • So patients don’t know if they have taken drug or not • Reduces placebo effect
26
What is a double blind trial?
• Neither doctor or patient knows who has had the drug and who has had the placebo • Reduces bias
27
What are the 4 types of pathogens?
1. Protist 2. Bacteria 3. Fungi 4. Virus
28
What do pathogens need to do to cause disease?
Get into the body/cell of an organism and multiply
29
How do bacteria make us feel unwell?
Release toxins
30
How do viruses makes us feel unwell?
1. Enter cells 2. Multiply 3. Make the cell burst
31
Gonorrhoea: What symptoms?
• Pain when urinating • Green and yellow discharge
32
Gonorrhoea: What prevention?
• Condom • Don’t have sex
33
HIV: What pathogen?
Virus
34
HIV: What symptoms
• Flu like symptoms • AIDS: immune system effected
35
HIV: What treatment?
Anti-retro-viral drugs
36
HIV: What prevention?
• Condom • Don’t have sex • Don’t share needles
37
Salmonella: What pathogen?
Bacteria
38
Salmonella: What symptoms?
• Vomiting • Stomach cramps • Diarhoea
39
Salmonella: What treatment
Antibiotics
40
Salmonella: What prevention?
• Cook food properly • Wash hands before preparing food • Isolate people with pathogen
41
Malaria: What pathogen
Protist
42
Malaria: What symptoms?
• Fever • Vomiting • Diarhoea
43
Malaria: What treatment?
None
44
Malaria: What prevention?
• Anti-malaria tablets • Kill mosquitos • Get rid of stagnant water (where mosquitos live) • Use mosquito nets
45
Measles: What pathogen?
Virus
46
Measles: What symptoms?
• Fever • Rash
47
Measles: What treatment
No cure
48
Measles: What prevention?
• Isolate individuals with pathogen
49
TMV: What pathogen?
Virus
50
TMV: What symptoms?
• Yellow leaves (chlorosis)
51
TMV: What treatment?
None
52
TMV: What prevention?
Remove plants with virus
53
Rose Black Spot: What pathogen?
Fungi
54
Rose Black Spot: What symptoms?
Black spot on leaves
55
Rose Black Spot: What treatment?
Anti-fungal
56
Rose Black Spot: What prevention?
• Remove plants with fungi