Paper 2 Flashcards
What’s things does homeostasis regulate
Blood glucose concentration
Internal temperature
Water levels
What is the CNS
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
What is the PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
All other nerves
What is a reflex
Signal bypasses Brain - much quicker
What is the chemical used in synapses
Neurotransmitter
How are glands effectors ?
Secrete chemicals
How to test reaction time
Drop ruler between finger and thumb
What does the cerebral cortex do
Memory
Speech
Problem solving
What does the Cerebellum do
Movement
Balance
Coordination
What does the Medulla do
Unconscious actions
Heart and breathing rate
How can you see brain activity
MRI scan
What happens to the eye when it’s far away
CM relax
SL tighten
Thin lens
What happens to the eye when looking near
CM contract
SL slacken
Thick lens
What is the term for short sightedness
Myopia
What is the term for long sightedness
Hyperopia
How can long and short sighted be treated
Glasses,contact lens or laser eye surgery
What is thermoregulation
Your body regulating body temperature by using effectors
What happens when your hot
Sweat glands produce water which evaporates taking away the heat
Blood vessels dilate
Called VASODILATION
What happens when your cold
Hairs stand on end to trap air
Shivering-muscles contract produce more heat
Blood vessels contract
Called vasoconstriction
What is the endocrine system
System of glands that secrete hormone to send signals to effectors
What is does the pituitary gland do
Sends signals to other glands
What does the pancreas do
Secrets insulin (and glycogen ) to control blood sugar
What does the thyroid control
Controls growth,metabolism and more
What does the adrenal gland do
Releases adrenaline
What do the ovaries do
Release egg and secrete hormones
What do the testes do
Produces sperm
What happens in high blood sugar levels
Pancreas secretes insulin
Causes glucose to move from bloodstream into cells to be used for respiration
Excess glucose converted into glycogen as energy stores
What does low blood sugar do
Pancreas releases glucagon
Causes liver and muscles to convert glycogen back into glucose
This is a NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
What is Type 1 diabetes
Pancreas cannot produce enough insulin
Injections needed
What is type 2 diabetes
Cells do not absorb glucose as they should
Obesity increase risk of developing
How is water lost
Through exhalation,sweating and urinating
What does Urea contain and how
Ammonia from amino acids obtained from excess proteins being broken down
What do kidneys also do
Filter out glucose and useful minerals and ions for the body to use from the blood
What is ADH
Causes tubles in kidneys to reabsorb more water into the bloodstream
When water levels are too high
Less ADH is made
What is Dialysis
Blood filtered by a machine
If not don’t the urea buildup will be poisonous
What is FSH
Causes egg to mature and to produce oestrogen
What is Oestrogen
Causes uterus to thicken
inhibits FSH so no more eggs mature until the next cycle
Also causes the pituitary gland to produce LH
What is LH
Causes egg to be released
What is progesterone
Secreted by the ovaries and maintains uterus lining
Methods of contraception
FSH inhibiting pills
Condom
Avoiding sex for a time after egg released
Negatives of IVF
Very low success rate
Cause potentially multiple embryos to develop
What does the Thyroid do
Releases thyroxine which controls your body metabolic rate
What does Gibberellins do
Induces germination
Promote flowering
Increase fruit size
What does Ethene do to plants
Causes ripening
Auxins can be used as
Weed killers
Promoting growth in plants
Rooting powders
Advantages for sexual reproduction
Offspring can become better adapted to environment
Advantage to asexual reproduction
Only one organism needed to reproduce
What’s a genome
The entire genetic code in an organism
What is a gene
Portion of DNA that codes for a protein
What is a genotype
An organism specific genetic code
What is a phenotype
How this code is expressed in physical characteristics
What are alleles
Different version of the same gene
What allele is polydactyl
Caused by a dominant allele
What Allele is cystic fibrosis
Recessive
What are fossils
They decayed remains of organisms
You can clone plants by….
Using cuttings or tissue cultures
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Soup
Kingdom
Phylum
Classification
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Binormal name
Genus + Species
What are the three domains
Archaea-primitive bacteria
Bacteria
Eukaryota
What do organisms compete for
Food,water,space,light,CO2/02 and mates
What is interdependence
Organism depending on each others for survival
When this happens a community is formed
Abiotic factors include
Temperature
Light
Soil ph
Biotic factors are
Food
Predators
Pathogens
What can decomposition be used for
To produce natural fertilisers to help crops grown
Can also be used to produce methane gas for use as fuel
What is biodiversity
The variety of species in a ecosystem
What is an example of the reduce in biodiversity
Deforestation
What does a pyramid of biomass indicate
How much biomass is transferred between trophic levels
Decay practical
Why do we add sodium carbonate to the milk solution
To ensure the milk turns to an alkali
Decay practical
What is the indicator called that we add to the milk
Phenolphthalein
Decay practical
Why does phenolphthalein turn that solution into a pink colour
When it’s in an alkali solution or a ph over 8.3
Decay practical
Why will the milk colour change when added lipase
As milk decays it becomes more acidic
The lipids in the milk will break down into glycerol and fatty acids
This lowers ph and de colourised it
What is decay
Decay is the result of microbial growth in foods
As microbes grow they release enzymes to break down the food
What can be made in the soil when nitrogen is present
Ammonia or ammonium
What does nitrogen make in organisms
Dna
RNA
amino acids
What is it called when nitrogen is taken up a plants roots
Assimilation
What is metabolism
Is the sun of all the reactions in a cell or the body
What hormone affects the thyroid to produce more thyroxine
TSH
What happens if there is less water in the body
The pituitary gland releases ADH
ADH causes to kidneys to
Reabsorb more water
As the blood water levels return to normal….
The pituitary gland stops releasing ADH
What do the kidneys help to maintain
Urea
Water
Ions
What’s an advantage of dialysis
No shortage of dialysis machines
What’s some disadvantage of dialysis
Expensive in long term
Requires frequent treatment and a controlled diet
What’s some advantages of kidney transplant
Only expensive initially
Allows patient to have a normal life
What’s some disadvantages of kidney transplant
Shortage of donors
Have to take medication for rest of life
What is the process which amino acids are converted to ammonia
Deamination
What do decomposes need
Moisture
Oxygen
Suitable temperature
What is DNA
A Polymer made up of repeated units called nucleotides
What does nucleotide consist of
Sugar
Phosphate
Bases(A,C,G,T)
What is ICSI and what does it stand for
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
what is used to inject the nucleus of a sperm cell into an egg
How are the thyroid and pituitary gland interlinked
State hormone and what they do and how they are linked
TSH released by pituitary gland
Thyroxine released by thyroid which regulates basal metabolic rate
Too much thyroxine=Less TSH
Too less thyroxine=More TSH
compare meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis-2 divisions ,4 daughter cells ,haploid ,non-identical
Mitosis-1 division, 2 daughter cells, diploid, identical
How would humans selectively breed animal and plants
Humans would select a characteristic they want in an animal
then breed that individual with another with desired characteristic
Then pick the offspring that shows characteristic best
breed individual
What are the 7 Levels of classification
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
What is Carl Woese system of classification
Archaea (primitive bacteria)
Bacteria (True bacteria)
Eukaryota (Protist)
What is peat
Peat is the result of the decomposition of a tree after an extended amount of time
