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Eye Disease > Pathogenisis Of Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Pathogenisis Of Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are some defence mechanisms of the eye?

A
  • Antimicrobial properties of tears
  • Constant shedding of cells from the ocular surface to reduce contact time with the pathogen
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2
Q

What are three risk factors to increase risk of infections to the eye?

A

1) Contact lens wear
- If you are immunosuppressed
- If you have ocular surface disease

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3
Q

What is commensal?

A

They form part of the innate defences of the eye, they are microbial flora on the eyelids and conjunctival sac which compete with pathogens for nutrients

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4
Q

What are three normal conjunctival flora?

A

1) Gram +ve cocci
2) Gram +ve baccilli
3) Anaerobic

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5
Q

What is a life threatening orbital disease?

A

Orbital cellulitis

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6
Q

What is another name for a stye?

A

External hordeolum- it is an infection of ciliary sebaceous glad of Zeis

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7
Q

What bacteria causes a stye?

A

Staph. Aureus

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8
Q

What a stye which is caused by the infection of meibomian glands be called?

A

Internal hordeolum

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9
Q

What is the treatments of a stye?

A

Warm compress and in extreme case topical anti biotics

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10
Q

Is blepharitis infective?

A

No, it is a chronic and recurrent condition

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11
Q

What organism causes blepharitis?

A

Staph Aureus and Staph Epidermidis

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12
Q

What are some characteristics of staphylococci?

A

Commensals of human skin, gram +ve cocci, can cause local and deep infections

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13
Q

What are features of preseptal cellulitis?

A

No proptosis, normal OM, normal VA, normal RAPD –> ALWAYS REFER

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14
Q

What are features of orbital cellulitis?

A

Proptosis, restricted OM, reduced VA, RAPD present

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15
Q

Does orbital cellulitis lie in front or behind the orbital septum?

A

Behind

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16
Q

What organism causes pre-septal cellulitis?

A

Strep. Pnemoniae/ H. influenzae

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17
Q

What is the best diagnostic tool for orbital cellulitis?

A

CT is the most useful technique in diagnosing orbital cellulitis

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18
Q

How is pre-septal cellulitis treated?

A

Anitbitoics

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19
Q

How is orbital cellulitis treated?

A

Antibiotics and maybe surgery – PROMPTLY

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20
Q

What is streptococci?

A

Gram positive, commensal of the mouth and gut, local infections could lead to systemic infection, grow on blood agar (haemolysis)

21
Q

What are haemophilus spp.?

A

Gram -ve, commensal of upper respiratory tract, grow on chocolate agar, cause spectrum of disease, only cause infection if immunocompromised

OPPOURTUNISTIC PATHOGEN

22
Q

What is the most common eye infection?

A

Conjunctivits

23
Q

What is the most common eye infection?

A

Conjunctivitis

24
Q

What organisms cause bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Staphylococci, streptococci and H. influenza

25
Q

How is viral conjunctivitis treated?

A

Self limiting

26
Q

Is viral conjunctivitis normally a unilateral or bilateral disease?

A

Unilateral

27
Q

What organism is viral conjunctivitis associated with?

A

Adenovirus

28
Q

What is epidemic keratoconjunctivitis associated with?

A

Subconjunctival haemorrhages, may have corneal involvement

29
Q

How is adenovirus spread?

A

Contact with secretions

30
Q

What are the two forms of chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Trachoma (caused by overcrowding and poor sanitation) and inclusion conjunctivitis (effects adults due to sexual transmitted disease)

31
Q

What are characteristics of chlamydiae ?

A

Depends on host cell, can be cultured and then histology used to detect them or PCR can be used too
- inert infectious particle
-

32
Q

When taking a swab what must you install into the px?

A

Topical anaesthesia, only for severe or persistent infections

33
Q

Once a swab has been take, what is done with it?

A

It is put on different culture media to identify the organism (like blood, chocolate ect…)

34
Q

How is antibiotic sensitivity measured?

A

Antibiotic papers are put on a plate and the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth is measured to see which antibiotic is most effect

35
Q

What microbes can cause keratitis?

A
  • Bacterial (Pseudomonas) -CLs use is a major factor
  • Viral (Herpes simplex)
  • Fungal (Fusarium)
  • Protozoal (Acanthamoemba) - CLs use is a major factor
36
Q

What types of bacteria are associated with keratitis?

A

Grame +ve (Staph. and Steph) - MOST COMMON IN non-cls wearers and gram -ve (Pseudonomas - MOST COMMON in cls wear)

37
Q

Why is CLs use a major risk factor in bacterial keratitis?

A

Due to the modality and poor lens hygiene

38
Q

What are risk factors in non-cls wearers with bacterial keratitis?

A

Trauma, immunosuppressed and ocular surface disease

39
Q

What is viral keratitis most commonly caused by?

A

HSV (dendritic ulcer) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) - in children causes chicken pox but in adults it causes shingles

40
Q

What are two examples of non-infectious keratitis?

A

1) CLARE- associated with overwear and is a response to toxins
2) CLPU - you need to differentially diagnose with bacterial keratitis

41
Q

What causes lid margin disease?

A

Increased bacterial colonisation of the lid margins which causes an inflammatory response to the toxins.

42
Q

What treatment is given for lid margin disease?

A

Topical steroids and antibiotics and good lid hygiene

43
Q

Are most cases of uveitis infective or non-infective?

A

Non-infective

44
Q

What organism causes anterior uveitis?

A

HSV and and VZV

45
Q

What organism causes posterior uveitis?

A

Toxoplasmosis, toxocara, syphillis and CMV

46
Q

What are characteristics of endophthalmitis?

A

Bacterial and acute, occur after surgery, post-cataract, post-trauma

47
Q

How is endophthalmitis treated?

A

High dose of antibiotics

48
Q

How do you minimise risk of cross infection?

A

Sterilisation, hand hygiene, safe disposal of waste

Eye Disease (48 decks)

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