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Immunology/Microbiology > Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Pathogenesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a microbiome?

A
  • normal flora -> population of microorganisms that live on or in the body
  • disrupting balance can lead to disease
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2
Q

What must a pathogen be able to do?

A
  • invade the host
  • resist immunity
  • remain in a niche
  • get nutrients & multiply
  • spread to a new host
  • cause disease
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3
Q

What are the modes of transmission in the microbiome?

A
  • respiratory/aerosol -> influenza, tuberculosis
  • fecal/oral -> norwalk virus, E. coli
  • sexual -> herpes, gonorrhea
  • arthropod-borne -> zika, malaria
  • zoonotic with animal reservoir-> rabies
  • zoonotic with animal reservoir & arthropod vector -> lyme disease, plague
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4
Q

What are virulence factros?

A
  • allows bacteria to invade & colonize or cause damage to the host’s tissues
  • can be enzymes, acids, gases
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5
Q

What are adhesions in virulence factors?

A
  • proteins that bind to cell surface receptors on host cells
  • on endothelial or epithelial cells
  • can be pili or nonfimbrial surfaces -> gram +
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6
Q

What are invasions in virulence factors?

A

proteins that allow bacteria to enter host cells by hijacking hot cell cyoskeletal machinery

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7
Q

What are effectors in virulence factors?

A
  • factors delivered into host cells by bacteria secretion systems
  • can alter host structure/growth
  • can cause/inhibit apoptosis
  • can associated with invasions
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8
Q

What is the contact dependent secretion system (type 3)?

A
  • only in gram -
  • main example: E. coli
  • composed of >20 proteins
  • similar ot flagella

high yield

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9
Q

Where is the contact dependent secretion system (type 3) found?

A
  • channel spanning both membranes of gram - bacteria
  • fuse iwth eukaryotic cell membrane to form injection pore

high yield

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10
Q

What are invasins?

A
  • bacterial surface proteins that provoke phagocytosis/endocytosis by host cells
  • provides safe harbor for bacterium protected from host immune responses
  • keeps specific immune responses from forming
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11
Q

In contact dependent secretion, what triggers it?

A

low Ca+ levels

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12
Q

What is an example of effectors in a contact dependent secretion system?

A

when type 3 in EPEC injects Tir into host cells to bind to F-actin

high yield

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13
Q

What is endotoxin?

A
  • part of cell wall/envolope
  • only in gram -
  • release of TNF
  • ex: LPS -> lipid A
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14
Q

What are exotoxins?

A
  • released from bacterial cells
  • act on host cell membranes
  • protein synthesis inhibitors
  • neurotoxins
  • super Ags
  • A (active toxin) & B (binding system) toxins
  • both gram + & gram -
  • ex: botox
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15
Q

What exotxin inhibits protein synthesis?

A

diphtheria toxin with A subunit

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16
Q

What exotoxin causes diarrhea/hyperactivation?

A

cholera toxin with A & B subunits

17
Q

What exotoxins affects nerve-muscle transmission?

A

tetanus toxin & botox

18
Q

What exotoxin deals with enzymatic lysis?

A

C. periformis alpha toxin

19
Q

What exotoxin deals with pore formation?

A

S aureus alpha toxin

20
Q

What is a capsule?

A
  • made of polysaccharide & located external to the envelope
  • ex: strep pneu
21
Q

What is protein A as an evasion of host defenses?

A
  • prevents IgG from binding properly
  • ex: staph aureus
22
Q

What is protease IgA1 as an evasion of host defenses?

A
  • destroys IgA1
  • ex: neiss. gonorrhoea
23
Q

What is antigenic variation as an evasion of host defenses?

A
  • recombination of pilin genes -> pilS & control region pilE
  • multiple copies of silent genes (10-15)
  • ex: neiss. gonorrhoea
24
Q

What are the 3 phases of biofilms?

A
  1. attachment: planktonic cells attach to a surface
  2. colonization: quorum sensing occurs & bacteria begin to cooperate to form the biofilm
  3. growth: bacteria grow within the biofilm
25
Q

What do bacteria display in biofilms?

A

altered phenotype -> slower growth rate

26
Q

Who is succeptible to biofilm formation by pseudo. aeru?

A

patients with cystic fibrosis

27
Q

What inhibits antibody mediated phagocytosis/opsonization?

A

protein A

Immunology/Microbiology (18 decks)

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