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Immunology/Microbiology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What tissues are involved in innate immunity?

A

skin and mucous membranes

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2
Q

What cells are involved in innate immunity?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells

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3
Q

In innate immunity, what is the barrier and what does it do?

A
  • skin
  • barrier to infection
  • kills microbes
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4
Q

Besides the barrier, how else are microbes killed?

A

intraepithelial lymphocytes

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

A
  • MOST ABUNDANT
  • short lived
  • phagocytic
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of macrophages?

A
  • activated from monocytes
  • found in tissues NOT blood
  • phagocytic
  • present Ags to adaptive system
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of dendritic cells?

A
  • found in tissues open to external environment
  • phagocytic
  • present Ags to adaptive system
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of NK cells?

A
  • found in blood and spleen
  • not phagocytic
  • cytotoxic lymphocyte, but still apart of innate system
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9
Q

How do immune cells recognize pathogens?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) that recognize pathogenic molecule patterns

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10
Q

What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)?

A
  • inherited through germline
  • located on cell surface & cytoplasm
  • ex: toll-like receptor (TLR)
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11
Q

What are the microbe signals?

A

danger signals called PAMPs that are associated with microbial function

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation?

A
  • redness (rubor)
  • swelling (calor)
  • pain (dolor)
  • loss of function
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13
Q

What happens during inflammation?

A

macrophages and neutrophils release inflammatory cytokines -> IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, chemokines

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14
Q

What is the result of inflammation?

A
  • more cells coming to area
  • fever -> inflammatory cytokines act on hypothalamus
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15
Q

What is the process of PAMPs and inflammation?

A
  1. bacteria enters and activates innate system
  2. chemo and cytokines create open space in membrane (inflammation process)
  3. endothelial receptors bring in IL-6 and IL-1
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16
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A
  • cytotoxic lymphocyte
  • common in blood & spleen
  • self-defense: targets infected, stressed, or tumurous cells
  • decrease in number as we change
17
Q

What is the direct killing pathway for NK cells?

A
  • release perforins & granzymes
  • synthesize & secrete cytokines
  • does NOT need Abs
  • no formal presentation of Ags
18
Q

What is the indirect pathway of NK cells?

A
  • phagocytic cells detect Ags
  • produce cytokines
  • cytokine stimulate NK cells to release other cytokines
19
Q

What do cytokines act on?

A
  • cells that produce them -> autocrine
  • closely located cell -> paracrine
  • cells at a distance -> endocrine
20
Q

What is the alternative system?

A
  • compliment proteins interact with pathogenic proteins to be activated
  • does NOT require Abs
  • part of innate immune system
21
Q

What is the classical system?

A
  • compliment proteins react to Ab that is bound to Ag -> activation
  • part of adaptive immune system
22
Q

What is the primary cell of the adaptive immune system?

A

lymohocytes (T & B cells)

23
Q

What are B cells?

A
  • educated in the bursa of chickens (bone marrow in humans)
  • function to make Abs
24
Q

What are T cells?

A
  • educated in the thymus
  • function in cell mediated immunity
25
Q

What is positive and negative selection?

A
  • positive: occurs if cell reacts to selg Ags -> cell survives
  • negative: occurs if cell reacts to self Ag too much -> cell destroyed
26
Q

When T and B cells are stimulated what do they produce?

A
  • T cell -> cytokines
  • B cells -> become plasma cells and produce Abs
27
Q

What are secondary lymphoid tissues?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • gut associated lymphoid tissue
28
Q

What is the structure of lymph nodes and gut associated lymphoid tissues?

A
  • outer cortex composed of follicles with B cells
  • inner cortex composed of T cells
  • medulla with large numbers of plasma cells
29
Q

What is the spleen composed of?

A
  • white pulp: surrounds central artery
  • red pulp: 80% of spleen & surrounds white pulp
30
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

when Ag stimulates cell recpetors on lymphocytes to result in production of memory & effector cells

31
Q

What is humoral immune response?

A
  • Abs
  • produced by activated B cells
  • have heavy and light chains
  • classes: IgG, IgA, IgA, IgE, IgD
32
Q

What is the immunoglobulin structure?

A
  • 2 heavy & 2 light chains
  • variable domain -> binds to Ags
  • constant region -> does NOT bind to Ags
33
Q

How are loops made in the immunoglobulin structure?

A

with disulfide bonds

34
Q

Where on the immunoglobulin structure do antibodies differ from one another?

A

Ag binding site

35
Q

What immunoglobulin family do B cells express?

A

IgM monomers

36
Q

What is the difference between IgM pentamers & monomers?

A

secreted IgM = pentamer
IgM on B cell surface = monomer

37
Q

What are T cell independent antigens?

A
  • does NOT require T cell presentation
  • have multiple repeating subunits
  • produce IgM only
38
Q

In antibodies, what is a pentamer? Dimer? Monomer?

A
  • pentamer -> IgM
  • dimer -> IgA
  • monomer -> IgG, IgD, IgE
39
Q

What are T cell dependent antigens?

A
  • require T cell presentation
  • protein Ags
  • allows for class switching -> can produce different Abs

Immunology/Microbiology (18 decks)

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